Water & Polarity
In a molecule of water, the oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms share their electrons this way.
What is sharing them unequally?
This biological macromolecule family is strictly nonpolar.
What is a lipid?
The specific, linear sequence of amino acids in a protein forms this level of structure.
What is primary structure?
The specificity of an enzyme is due to this specific area, which is shaped to fit only a certain substrate molecule.
What is the active site?
The three parts that make up the small intestine are the duodenum, the jejunum, and this.
What is the ileum?
This type of weak intermolecular bond is what joins one water molecule to another water molecule.
What is a hydrogen bond?
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in this exact number ratio.
What is 1:2:1?
Alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets are examples of this level of protein folding.
What is secondary structure?
This term describes what happens when extreme heat or pH changes alter an enzyme's shape, causing it to lose its function.
What is denaturing?
While the large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water, this is the primary function of the small intestine.
What is the absorption of nutrients?
Because of water’s polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds, it has this thermal property, allowing it to resist drastic temperature changes.
What is high heat capacity?
Unsaturated plant oils stay liquid because they contain these chemical structures which prevent tight packing.
What are double bonds?
Polypeptides are built when a reaction between these two specific functional groups on neighboring amino acids ends up releasing a water molecule.
What are carboxyl groups and amino groups?
This type of inhibitor reduces enzyme acting by binding directly to the enzyme’s active site.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
While pepsin breaks down proteins in the stomach, this digestive enzyme breaks down starches in the mouth.
What is amylase?
This chemical process joins monomers together by removing a water molecule while its opposite process splits them by using up water. (Name both)
What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
These are the four monomers that build carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, in order.
What are monosaccharides, glycerol/fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides?
The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, stabilized by interactions between R-groups, is called this.
What is tertiary structure?
During an enzyme experiment, the product formation curve levels out over time because a large amount of this has been consumed.
What is the substrate?
This is the 5-step order of processing food in the body.
What is ingestion, digestion, enzymatic hydrolysis, absorption, and elimination?
The nonpolar nature of lipids is caused by the presence of these atoms.
What is carbon and hydrogen?
These are the four bonds that link monomers together for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, in order.
What are glycosidic linkages, ester linkages, peptide bonds, and phosphodiester bonds?
A gene mutation that replaces a nonpolar amino acid with a polar amino acid will most likely alter this level of protein structure.
What is tertiary structure?
This letter sequence correctly depicts the diagram of enzymes and substrates during a forward reaction.
(E = Enzyme, S = Substrate, ES = Enzyme-Substrate Complex, P = Products)
What is ”E + S -> ES -> E + P”?
Taking antacids like Tums raises the pH of the stomach environment, which directly impacts homeostasis by causing this specific change to food breakdown.
What is slowing down protein digestion?