Endosymbiosis
What two organelles are believed to have originated through endosymbiosis?
Chloroplast, Mitochondria
Which lineage includes choanoflagellates, fungi, and animals?
Opisthokonta
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants
What lineage are fungi a part of?
Are fungi protists?
Opisthokonta, NO
What are saphrophytes?
Make their living digesting dead and releasing carbon
What type of prokaryote was engulfed and eventually became the mitochondrion?
Alphaproteobacteria
Which lineage is characterized by organisms that move and feed using lobes?
Amoebozoa
What is the purpose of vascular tissue in plants?
Provide structure and transport nutrients.
What are Chytrids
Fungal disease that affects amphibians, decomposers and parasites, only motile fungal cells
Whats the difference between diploblast vs triploblast?
Diploblast- radial symmetry, two germ layers ex-jellyfish
Triploblast-Bilateral symmetry, 3 germ layers, humans and worms
What type of organism was engulfed and eventually became the chloroplast?
A photosynthetic cyanobacterium
Which lineage is characterized by a feeding groove?
Excavata
Which of the following is NOT considered a plant: green algae, red algae, or brown algae?
Brown algae
What is mycelia?
What are their branching filaments called?
Multicellular filaments, grow towards food and die back
Hyphae
What are the 3 germ layers?
Ectoderm-skin
Mesoderm-Circulatory system, muscle bone, organs
Endoderm- gut lining
What is the difference between primary and secondary endosymbiosis?
Primary = a eukaryote engulfs a prokaryote; secondary = a eukaryote engulfs another eukaryote that already has a chloroplast.
Which lineage is characterized by alveoli, or small membrane-bound sacs beneath the cell membrane?
Alveolata
Name one benefit and one challenge of terrestrial life for plants?
Benefits: light availability, CO2 abundance, Available niche
Challenges: UV, water loss, physical support
Name 2 fungal products
Antibiotics, penicillin, mushrooms (food), Yeast, ferment cacao-chocolate
What are the two primary plant-mycorrhizal interactions?
Ectomycorrhizal EMF, fungi grow around root cells, while arbuscular AMF fungi grow into root cells.
Ecto-exterior
Give a piece of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
They have their own circular DNA, bacterial-like ribosomes, divide independently, and have multiple membranes.
Which lineage are diatoms a part of?
Stamenopila
Place the following terms in a timeline in order of plant evolution:
seeds, true leaves, spores, cuticle, roots, vasculature
cuticle, spores, vasculature, roots, true leaves, seeds
Explain why fungal infections are hard to treat?
human and fungal cells share a similar biological structure, making it hard to design drugs that kill the fungus without harming the patient
What are the 7 protist lineages, which are bikonta and which are unikonta?
Bikonta: Excavata, Stramenopila, Alveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida
Unikonta: Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta