Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapters 14 & 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
100
What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?
Cytokinesis is the splitting of the two daughter cells. It begins to occur around the time telophase it taking place.
100
What is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell?
Karyotype
100
What is the name of the inactive X chromosome in females?
Barr Body
100
How do individual base pairs connect together?
Hydrogen bonding
100
How is the genetic code redundant but unambiguous?
Redundant because some amino acids can be specified by more than one codon. Unambiguous because each codon specifies a particular amino acid and only that amino acid.
200
What is the function of the mitotic spindle?
Apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis.
200
What does it mean if chromosomes are homologous to each other?
They are the same length and carry the same genes but the alleles for those genes may be different.
200
Color blindness is an X-linked gene. Are more males or females color blind?
Males, they only have one X chromosome whereas females have two and need both to be affected to show the phenotype
200
What is the function of DNA helicase and DNA polymerase III?
DNA helicase unwinds the DNA strand. DNA polymerase III elongates the new strand by adding base pairs.
200
Explain the difference between missense and nonsense mutations.
A missense mutation occurs when a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. A nonsense mutation results in a premature stop codon.
300
What is the name of the process that bacteria use to replicate?
Binary Fission
300
What are the goals of meiosis I and meiosis II?
Meiosis I: separate homologous chromosomes Meiosis II: separate sister chromatids
300
What are the phenotypic ratios for a monohybrid and dihybrid cross?
Monohybrid: 3:1 Dihybrid: 9:3:3:1
300
What is meant by semiconservative replication?
During DNA replication, a double stranded DNA molecule separates. Each strand is used as a template for a new strand. This results in two identical copies of the original double stranded molecule. Each new molecule will have 1 parent strand and one new daughter strand.
300
What are the three different sites within the ribosome where the tRNA molecule will go during translation?
A site: holds tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain P site: holds tRNA that carries growing polypeptide chain E site: discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
400
What is the name of the substance that signals the cell to move from G2 to mitosis?
MPF. Cyclin and Cdk combine together to form MPF. Once MPF levels reach a certain threshold, the cell will move from G2 to mitosis.
400
What is crossing over and when does it occur?
Exchange of genetic material that occurs between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I
400
Will the recombination frequency be higher or lower for genes that are farther apart on the same chromosome?
The recombination frequency will be higher, the probability that a crossover will occur between them is higher.
400
What was significant about the Hershey-Chase experiment?
Showed that DNA is the genetic material, not proteins
400
During transcription, the sequence of the RNA transcript is AUGAUC. What is the sequence of the non-template strand?
ATGATC
500
What are the five stages of mitosis and what is one thing that happens during each phase?
Prophase: chromosomes begin to condense, mitotic spindle begins to form Prometaphase: chromosomes finish condensing, nuclear membrane breaks down, mitotic spindle stretches from one end of the cell to the other Metaphase: chromosomes align at the metaphase plate Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell Telophase: chromosomes begin to decondense, spindle disappears, nuclear membrane begins to form again
500
List three origins of genetic variation.
Random assortment of maternal and paternal homologues, random fertilization, crossing over
500
What is the difference between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance?
Complete dominance occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical. Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties, pink flower Co-dominance occurs when two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways, blood types
500
Explain why it is more difficult to elongate the lagging strand compared to the leading strand.
The leading strand is oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction so synthesis of a complementary strand can occur in the 5’ to 3’ direction. The lagging strand is oriented in the 5’ to 3’ direction so DNA replication has to occur in small fragments in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
500
What are the three post-transcriptional modifications that must take place in eukaryotes in order for translation to occur.
Splicing of introns, 5' cap, poly-A tail
M
e
n
u