Biobases
Brain Structures
Brain Development/Brain Structures
Nervous System
The Senses
100

Who were Muller, Galvani, and Hippocrates?

Muller: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

Galvani: Electrical stimulation of the nerve in a frog’s leg produced contraction of the leg muscle

Hippocrates: Considered the brain to be the center of thought and emotions (prior to this, it was thought to be the heart)


100

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

Motor coordination, balance

100

What are the first major divisions of the brain in neonatal development?

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

100

Describe the difference between efferent and afferent pathways in the brain.

Efferent = Exiting the CNS

Afferent = Ascending the CNS

100

Describe the ossicular chain

Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrups)
200

Name a medical disorder described in class that is highly comorbid with Depression

Multiple Sclerosis

200
What are the three components of the brain stem?

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

200

Name the primary lobes of the brain and associated sensory areas

Temporal - auditory

Parietal - somatosensory

Occiptal - Vision

Frontal - motor


200

Describe (simply) the different streams for visual analysis and what information they are responsible for.

Dorsal = where

Ventral = what ("vat?")

300

Describe three brain imaging techniques

CT

MRI

fMRI

DTI

PET

EEG

300

Name the three ventricles

Lateral, third, Fourth Ventricle

300

Name and order the meninges from the outermost layer (attached to the skull) to the innermost layer.

1. Dura Mater (Hard Mother)

2. Arachnoid Membrane

3. Pia Mater (Pious Mother)

300

What is the difference between the All or None Law and the Rate Law?

All or none: an AP either fires, or it does not. If it hits the threshold of excitation, it will fire. If it does not, it will not fire.

Rate Law: Variations in intensity represented by variations in*rate* at which axons fire. Many AP = higher intensity.

400

What are two components of the midbrain?

Tectum: Superior/inferior

Tegmentum: Reticular formations, periaqueductal gray matter, red nucleus, & substantia nigra

400

What do radial glia support?

cortical development - radial glia

guide migration of newly formed neurons from the ventricular zone to the cortex
400

What is the threshold of excitation?

-60mV

The amount of depolarization that is needed to create an action potential.

400

Describe the somatosensory Pathways. Spinothalmic and dorsal colum medial lemniscus.

spinothalamic: carries pain and temperature-synapses with other neurons and crosses int he spinal cord


dorsal column medial lemniscus - carries fine touch and kinesthesia - decussates at the medulla

500
Name the structures involved in the limbic system

Mammillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala, parts of the hypothalamus

500

What is the split brain procedure? Provide one pro and con to the procedure

Procedure to split the corpus callosum. effective in stopping the spread of seiurese from one hemisphere to the other. Con = difficulty with naming and smelling a rose

500

Name 3 (or more) of the Cranial Nerves (either in order or include which # they are)

I. Olfactory

II. Optic

III. Oculomotor

IV. Trochlear


V. Trigeminal

VI. Abducens

VII. Facial

VIII. Auditory / Vestibulochochlear

IX. Glossopharnngeal

X. Vagus

XI. Spinal Accessory

XII. Hypoglossal


500

List the structures that visual information passes through in the visual pathway

Optic nerve -> Optic Chiasm -> LGN of the thalamus -> Optic radiations -> Striate Cortex

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