Ecology
What is fitness?
How well-suited an individual is to survive in an environment and reproduce.
If Tom was heterozygous for gene A and his partner Sara was homozygous recessive gene A on chromosome 16. What are the expected phenotypes and genotypes of their offspring?
Aa -- phenotype: dominant
aa -- phenotype: recessive
Define descent with modification.
GWAS is an analysis that requires a population of individuals of unknown genetic make-up. Correct or incorrect?
Incorrect. GWAS requires a population of genotyped and phenotyped individuals.
Name the trophic levels.
Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers
Define Biomagnification and provide an example for it.
The increase in concentration of a substance from lower to higher levels of a food chain, and example is the magnification of mercury in aquatic organisms.
What are SNPs?
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. A genetic marker of single nucleotides to show relatedness in populations.
What are the assumptions for the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
No Immigration or Emigration
No Births or Deaths
Two Individuals, both heterozygous for genes A and B (recessive = a, b) have an offspring. Where A codes for blue eyes (recessive = brown) and B codes for brown hair (recessive = blonde). What is the probability that an individual will have brown hair and brown eyes? What is the probability that the offspring will also be heterozygous in both A and B?
3/16 for question 1; probability = 1/4th
Who sent Christopher Columbus to explore the New World?
King Ferdinand (Spain)
What are 3 traits of prairie grasses that increase their fitness in a prairie environment?
Deep roots, vertical leaves, hard/inedible seeds and fruit, other answers can also work.
When would nondisjunction occur in an individual? What does this mean for their gametes and offspring?
Occur: during Meiosis one or two, during Anaphase
For offspring: gametes have too many or too little genetic information
What are the similarities and differences between the Founder Effect and the Bottleneck Effect?
Similarities: Both of them result in different allele frequencies in a new population from the previous population -- contributing to speciation
Differences: Founder Effect is a small amount of individuals move to form a new population; Bottleneck effect is when an event occurs to randomly wipe out alleles from a popultion
Why do women not experience color blindness by carrying the gene on one X chromosome unlike men?
men only have 1 X chromosome, X inactivation.
DAILY DOUBLE
What are the 5 stages of the Nitrogen cycle? Give a brief description of each stage.
(1) Nitrogen Fixation: conversion of atmospheric N2 to ammonia (NH3); (2) Nitrification: Conversion of Ammonia and Ammonium to Nitrates (NO3-); (3) Assimilation: the uptake of ammonium or nitrate into organic compounds of plants and animals; (4) Ammonification: Conversion of N-containing organic compounds to Ammonia (decomposition); (5) Denitrification: Conversion of nitrate to N2 gas
Describe the extinction vortex. Name 2 components.
The extinction vortex occurs when a population becomes too small to sustain and begins imploding. Components: Inbreeding, random genetic drift, loss of genetic variability, reduction in fitness, lower reproduction, higher mortality.
Diagram the different stages of meiosis that would have nondisjunction in Tom’s gametes that would lead to their offspring having a Chromosome 16 monosomy.
Mitch and Ellie know this.
What are the five forces of Evolution
1. Mutation
2. Migration
3. Nonrandom Mating
4. Genetic Drift
5. Selection
Okapis are animals native to portions of central Africa and share some characteristics of zebras and giraffes. They have zebra-like stripes and a long neck like giraffes. Some people have proposed that they are the result of a cross between zebras and giraffes. Zebras in that region have 46 (2N) chromosomes, giraffes have 30 (2N), and okapis have 46 (2N). Do you think it is reasonable to propose that okapis are the result of crosses between giraffes and zebras? Explain your answer
A hybrid between the two would have 15 chromosomes from the giraffe and 23 from the zebra, therefore it is unlikely that this hybrid would be fertile as the chromosomes would not align properly during meiosis I and would likely result in inviable gametes. So although hybrids could be born, that would require that all Okapis would be hybrids, which seems an unlikely explanation for a whole population. Plus, as Okapis have 46 (2N) chromosomes, it would be hard to explain how that could happen.
Relate an ecological niche with the range of tolerance. Draw a graph.
Graph shows understanding of ROT and niche
What are the implications of patch size and corridors?
Patch size = smaller has more edge
Corridors = movement between patches, can be good or bad
Define the law of segregation and determine which phase of meiosis it occurs in.
Law of segregation = homologous chromosomes/ pairs of alleles for each gene segregate or separate during the formation of gametes, anaphase 1
Where did Darwin frequent in his free time (where he realized things about evolution from birds)
The Feather Club
Draw out the steps of meiosis for an individual in which Robertsonian Translocation occurs between chromosomes 13 and 14.
Drawing shows understanding of RT
What is the Scopes trial?
A landmark trial that made it possible to teach evolution in schools.