ATP Generation
Every energy pathway ultimately exists to accomplish this common goal.
What is produce/replenish ATP?
This energy system has the fastest rate of ATP production.
What is the phosphagen/ATP-PCr system?
This energy pathway is also called the lactate system and is emphasized during approximately 1–3 minutes of exercise.
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
This transport process moves lactate out of the working cell.
What is the lactate shuttle?
This organelle is the site of aerobic metabolism and is referred to as the cell's energy powerhouse.
What is the mitochondrion/mitochondria?
These two exercise variables have an inverse relationship: as one increases, the other generally decreases.
What are intensity and duration?
When ATP is broken down into ADP, this stored compound provides the phosphate necessary to rapidly rebuild ATP.
What is phosphocreatine/PCr?
Glucose → ______ → either lactate or entry into aerobic metabolism
What is pyruvate?
This is a point at which the body's anaerobic by products exceed oxygen delivery.
What is the lactate threshold?
The phosphagen system has the highest ATP-production rate, but this aerobic fuel pathway has the greatest available energy according to the ATP synthesis chart.
What is fat oxidation?
An athlete begins an all-out effort and then continues exercising for several minutes. Name the expected progression of the three predominant energy pathways.
What are phosphagen → anaerobic glycolysis → aerobic metabolism?
If five units of phosphocreatine are used according to the ratio given in the PowerPoint, approximately this many ATP can be produced.
What is 5 ATP?
(1:1 PCr-to-ATP yield.)
One glucose molecule undergoing anaerobic glycolysis produces this net ATP yield and this number of pyruvate molecules.
What are 2 net ATP and 2 pyruvate?
During increasingly intense exercise, blood lactate begins climbing while oxygen supply becomes insufficient. The body responds by increasing this respiratory process to remove more CO₂.
What is ventilation (or Breathing)?
At rest, approximately this percentage of energy comes from fat and this percentage from carbohydrates according to the presentation.
What are 70% fat and 30% carbohydrate?
Although we describe one pathway as “predominant,” this statement explains why the other pathways have not actually shut off.
What is all energy systems are being used at all times; predominance depends on the rate ATP is needed?
Two athletes perform identical all-out efforts. Athlete A can continue relying predominantly on the phosphagen system longer. According to the presentation, this stored substance most directly explains the difference.
What is phosphocreatine availability?
Anaerobic glycolysis can produce ATP faster than aerobic pathways but cannot sustain the same total ATP production. Explain the rate-versus-capacity tradeoff.
What is anaerobic pathways generate ATP rapidly but have lower total ATP-producing capacity, while aerobic pathways produce ATP more slowly but can provide much more energy?
During exercise, glucose is broken down into pyruvate. The fate of pyruvate then depends largely on the availability of this substance.
What is Oxygen?
Aerobic metabolism consists of these one major process we've identified as a class.
What are the Krebs Cycle/ Electron Transport Chain?
Explain why increasing exercise intensity causes greater dependence on carbohydrates and anaerobic metabolism instead of fat oxidation.
What is ATP is needed more rapidly, and the body does not have enough time to oxidize fat; carbohydrates can supply the anaerobic systems?
A strength athlete wants to support the rapid restoration of the compound that donates phosphate to ADP. Name the supplement discussed in class and the energy-system compound it helps restore.
What are creatine monohydrate and phosphocreatine (PCr)?
Two cells both perform glycolysis. Cell A has sufficient oxygen available; Cell B does not. Explain what happens to pyruvate differently in each cell.
What is with sufficient oxygen, pyruvate goes to the mitochondria and is converted to Acetyl-CoA; without sufficient oxygen, pyruvate combines with H+ and becomes lactate?
Two equally fit-looking athletes perform the same progressively harder workout. Athlete B's lactate curve shifts farther to the right after training. Name the two adaptations from that could explain this change.
What are greater lactate-shuttle efficiency and an increased lactate threshold?
Place these in the correct sequence once sufficient oxygen is available:
Krebs Cycle — Pyruvate — Acetyl-CoA — Mitochondria
What is pyruvate → mitochondria → Acetyl-CoA → Krebs Cycle?