POLYMERS
These are the individual subunits that link together to form polymers.
Monomers
This monosaccharide, with the formula C₆H₁₂O₆, is a primary energy source for most cells.
Glucose
Lipids mix poorly with water, giving them this property.
Hydrophobicity
These are the monomers that make up proteins.
Amino Acids
These are the monomers of nucleic acids.
nucleotides
This reaction links monomers together while removing water.
Dehydration reaction (or synthesis)
Two monosaccharides join through dehydration to form this type of carbohydrate.
A disaccharide
A triglyceride consists of one glycerol molecule attached to this many fatty acids.
three
This variable portion of an amino acid determines its specific chemical properties.
R group/side chain
Name the three components of a nucleotide.
a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups?
This reaction breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.
Hydrolysis
Name the storage polysaccharide used by plants and the one used by animals.
Starch (Plants) and Glycogen (Animals)
This type of fatty acid contains no carbon-carbon double bonds and is usually solid at room temperature.
saturated fatty acid
Amino acids are covalently linked together by this type of bond.
Peptide bond
This nitrogenous base occurs in RNA where thymine would occur in DNA.
uracil (U)
Three of the four major biological macromolecules form true polymers. Name all three.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Unlike starch and glycogen, this structural polysaccharide contains beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds and forms plant cell walls.
Cellulose
A phospholipid contains a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. This dual nature is described by this term.
amphipathic
Which level of protein structure describes the overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain?
Tertiary structure?
In DNA, adenine pairs with _____, while guanine pairs with _____
thymine and cytosine
Compare dehydration and hydrolysis in terms of water and energy.
Dehydration removes water and typically requires energy; hydrolysis adds/consumes water and typically releases energy.
Glycogen is especially well suited for rapid glucose release because of this structural characteristic.
Excessively/highly branched structure
Compare cis and trans unsaturated fatty acids in terms of their structures.
Cis double bonds create kinks/bends in the hydrocarbon chain, while trans double bonds allow the chain to remain relatively straight.
A protein is exposed to extreme temperature and loses its normal 3D shape and biological activity. Name the process AND identify which level of protein structure remains intact.
Denaturation; primary structure remains intact
DNA's two strands run in opposite directions, with one running 5′ → 3′ and the other 3′ → 5′. What term describes this arrangement?
antiparallel