Sensory Processes
Name the 5 special senses.
Olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance and body position), vision, and hearing.
What is step one of sensory transduction?
Reception
Name the 3 skin layers from outermost to innermost.
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
What is somatosensation?
A mixed sensory category that includes all sensations received from the skin and mucous membranes, as well as from the limbs and joints.
What is the function of the body skeletal system?
It protects body internal organs and supports body weight.
Describe a flat bone and give an example of where it is found.
They are thin, broad, and provide extensive protection of organs or broad surfaces for muscle attachment. Ex: Sternum
What is the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage called?
Endochondral ossification
All bilateral animals have a ____ _____, developmentally driven by the demands of their environments.
What is a receptive field?
A region in space in which a given sensory receptor can respond to a stimulus.
Is Merkel's disk encapsulated or not? What does it respond to?
Un-encapsulated; Responds to light touch
Name the primary tastes.
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty & umami (savoriness)
What is the function of the body muscular system?
It contracts and pulls on bones, allowing for movements as diverse as standing, walking, running, & grasping items.
Describe an irregular bone and give an example of where it would be found.
They have complex shapes like notched or ridged. Ex:Vertebra
Name the 6 types of joints.
Planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket
What is vestibular sensation?
The sense of spatial orientation & balance.
Name and describe step 2 of sensory transduction.
Transduction; The translation of a sensory signal to an electrical signal in the nervous system.
Are Meissner's corpuscles encapsulated or not? What does it respond to?
Encapsulated; Responds to touch and low-frequency vibration.
How many olfactory receptors do humans have?
12 million
What is a hydrostatic skeleton?
A skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body called the coelom.
Describe short bones and give an example of where they would be found.
They have the same width & length and are cube-like shaped. Ex: Tarsals
What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?
Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
What is proprioception?
The position of bones, joints, and muscles used to track kinesthesia [limb movement].
What are the 4 aspects of sensory information that are encoded by sensory systems?
Type, location, duration, and relative intensity.
Are Ruffini endings encapsulated or not? What do they detect?
Encapsulated; Detect stretch, deformation within joints, gripping objects, and warmth.
What is the Vomeronasal organ (VNO, or Jacobson’s organ)?
A tubular, fluid-filled, olfactory organ that is present in many vertebrate animals and it sits adjacent to the nasal cavity. It is very sensitive to pheromones.
What is an exoskeleton?
An external skeleton that consists of a hard encasement on the surface of an organism.
Describe sesamoid bones and give an example of where they would be found.
They are small flat bones that are shaped like a sesame seed and develop inside tendons. Ex: Patella
What do skeletal muscle tissues do?
They form skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin and control locomotion and any movement that can be consciously controlled by thought.
What common function do all sensory processes share?
Sensory transduction
Name and describe step 3 of sensory transduction.
Perception; an individual’s interpretation of a sensation.
What do Pacinian corpuscles detect?
Transient pressure and high-frequency vibration.
How much of the cerebral cortext is dedicated to analyzing and perceiving visual information?
1/3
What is an endoskeleton?
A skeleton that consists of hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms.
Describe a long bone and give an example of where it would be found.
They are covered with articular cartilage and filled with red bone marrow. Ex: Femur
Where do smooth muscles occur?
In the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, stomach, and urinary bladder, and wrapped around passages such as the respiratory tract and blood vessels.
What are the 2 broad types of cellular systems that perform sensory transduction?
1. Stimulation of a sensory receptor
2. Stimulation of free nerve endings
What is the Thalamus?
A forebrain structure that serves as a clearinghouse and relay station for sensory (as well as motor) signals.
Are Krause end bulbs encapsulated or not? What do they detect?
Encapsulated; detect cold
What are the 2 types of photoreceptors in the retina?
Rods and cones
What do endoskeletons provide?
Support for the body, protect internal organs, and allow for movement through the contraction of muscles attached to the skeleton.
What is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body?
The femur
Where do cardiac muscle tissues occur and what is their function?
They are only found in the heart and maintain blood pressure.