Cellular Respiration
When the power needed for attaching inorganic phosphate to ADP comes from redox reactions.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
1. Main products of Light Dependent Reactions
2. Main products of Calvin Cycle
1. O2, ATP, NADPH
2. NADP+, ADP + Pi, Sugars
The three steps of cell signaling (without abbreviations or shortenings)
What are signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response?
Phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is not in the process of active division. Involves G1, S, and G2
What is interphase?
The mitochondrial protein that allows for heat generation instead of ATP Production in hibernating animals.
What is UCP1 / uncoupling protein?
1. Enzymes for this process are made on free ribosomes (not bound)
2. A product from this process releases a coenzyme when it is made and can inhibit PFK
3. This process involves two phases and involves the direct transfer of electrons. BONUS: Name the two phases.
1. What is glycolysis?
2. What is citric acid cycle?
3. What is oxidative phosphorylation? BONUS: Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
The purpose of having multiple pigment types in plants
To absorb a variety of wavelengths (not just a single color).
1. Short range signaling
2. Self signaling
3. Long range signaling
4. Neighboring/adjacent cell signaling (BONUS: name the three major types)
1. What is Paracrine Signaling?
2. What is Autocrine Signaling?
3. What is Endocrine Signaling?
4. What is Direct Cell Contact? BONUS: gap, anchoring, and tight junctions
1. Body cells/non reproductive cells
2. Reproductive cells, produce haploid gametes
1. What are somatic cells?
2. What are germ-line cells?
Difference between brown and white fat (in terms of fat size, mitochondria, presence of a specific protein, etc. )
Brown Fat: Energy Burning. High in MT, Small fat droplets, presence of UCP1
White Fat: Energy Storage. Low in MT, Large fat droplets, little to no UCP1
1. From one glucose molecule, this many NADH, FADH2, and ATP are made during the citric acid cycle.
2. What NADH, FADH2, and ATP have in common. They are ______ _________.
2. What are 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP?
3. What are electron carriers?
1. A photosystem consists of an area that captures the excited electrons from the special pair of chlorophyll a molecules
2. Term that describes what happens when there is nothing to "catch" the excited electrons
1. Primary Electron Acceptor
2. Fluorescence
1. Receptor that involves double ligand binding and dimerization
2. Involves the activation of two separate molecules
4. An intracellular receptor that binds to small and nonpolar ligands
1. What are Receptor Tyrosine Kinases?
2. What are G Protein-Coupled Receptors?
4. What are Steroid Hormone Receptors?
1. Has two sets of each type of chromosome
2. Has only 1 member of each homologous pair of chromosomes
1. What are diploid cells?
2. What are haploid cells?
1. Major enzyme(s) used in Lactate Fermentation.
2. Major enzyme (s) used in Alcohol Fermentation.
1. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
2. Pyruvate decarboxylase (pyruv -> acetaldehyde) and Alcohol dehydrogenase (acetaldehyde -> ethanol)
1. What are ATP Production and Fat Synthesis?
BONUS: Low ATP: ATP Production ; High ATP: Fat Synthesis
1. Transfer of electrons in noncyclic electron flow of Light Dependent Reactions
2. Transfer of electrons in cyclic electron flow
3. Protons are pumped into the ________. ATP Synthase produces ATP in the _________.
1. Photosystem II, Pq, Cytochrome Complex, Pc, Photosystem I, Fd, NADP+ Reductase, NADPH
2. PS II, Pq, Cyt C, Pc, PS I, Fd -> Cyt C
3. Thylakoid Lumen/Space ; Stroma
The four regulations of response that can be effective during signal transduction
1. What are amplification, specificity of the response, overall efficiency, and signal termination?
1. The factor that is present when the cell is ready to pass the M Checkpoint, and that prompts the chromosomes to begin separating
2. The factor that prompts a kinase cascade and is formed by the connection of two separate proteins. BONUS: Name these two proteins
1. What is Anaphase Promoting Factor?
2. What is Maturation/Mitosis Promoting Factor? BONUS: Cyclin Dependent Kinase and Cyclin
1. Phase in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
2. Phase in which the nuclear envelope fragments
3. Phase in which the mitotic spindle starts forming
4. Phase in which the cell separates completely into two
1. What is anaphase?
2. What is prometaphase?
3. What is prophase?
4. What is cytokinesis?
1. Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs on the _______ of mitochondria and involves the two spaces: _______ and ________.
2. The order of electron transfer from a NADH molecule. The order of electron transfer from a FADH2 molecule.
1. Cristae ; Mitochondrial Matrix and Intermembrane Space
2. NADH: I, Q, III, Cyt C, IV, Oxygen -> H2O
FADH2: II, Q, III, Cyt C, IV, Oxygen -> H2O
1. The phase in the Calvin cycle in which carbohydrates/sugars are made by the oxidation of NADPH to NADP+
2. The enzyme that transforms atmospheric carbon into a biologically usable carbon source.
3. The majority of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are used in this phase to remake a molecule that is reused with the enzyme in #2.
1. Phase 2: Reduction
2. Rubisco
3. Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP
1. The two types of cellular response
1. What are regulation of gene expression, and regulation of cytoplasmic activities or preexisting proteins?
1. The most important cell cycle checkpoint that determines whether a cell should divide, delay, or enter G0
2. The checkpoint that triggers the end of mitosis and checks for the binding of microtubules to kinetochores
3. The checkpoint that checks for errors in DNA replication
1. What is G1 Checkpoint?
2. What is M Checkpoint?
3. What is G2 Checkpoint?
1. Light wavelength/color (s) that carotenoids can absorb but chlorophyll a and b cannot
2. Light wavelength/color (s) that chlorophyll a and b can absorb but carotenoids cannot
1. Green light (minimal)
2. Red, Orange