Cellular Respiration Process
About 28 ATP
What is the average ATP produced through oxidative phosphorylation?
Both processes mainly generate NAD+ to use in glycolysis in the absence of oxygen
What is the primary goal of lactic acid and alcohol fermentation?
A phenomenon where electrons are excited to a higher energy level, but lack a primary electron acceptor. They drop to ground level, releasing fluorescence and heat.
What is fluorescence?
2 identical 2n OR n daughter cells, 4 genetically unique n daughter cells
Bonus: Where do each of these processes happen in the body?
What are the products of mitosis? What are the products of meiosis?
Mitosis: somatic, meiosis: germ line (testes, ovaries, reproductive linings)
A molecule that is constant throughout the cell cycle
A molecule that accumulates at the end of S phase throughout G2
A molecule activated ONLY when the above two are connected
What is cyclin?
What is MPF?
1) Citrate & ATP
2) AMP
What inhibits PFK?
What activates PFK?
Pyruvate decarboxylase & alcohol dehydrogenase
What are the two primary enzymes involved in alcohol dehydrogenase?
Absorption of greater wavelengths of light for photosynthesis
What is the importance of having multiple pigment molecules such as chlorophyll A, B, carotenoids, and xanthophylls?
1) Cell growth and adding important proteins and organelles
2) Chromosome duplication
3) Centrosome duplication and preparing for the mitosis phase
What is G1?
What is S?
What is G2?
Attaches a phosphate to other kinases to create important enzymes needed for meiosis to occur
Bonus: Name the enzyme used to deactivate MPF.
What is the MAIN importance of the MPF phosphorylation cascade?
Ubiquitin
Keeping the concentration of glucose low in the cell to maintain a concentration gradient
Making the glucose molecule more reactive
What is the importance of phosphorylating glucose immediately upon entering the cell?
Hyperactive ADH, hypoactive ALDH
What happens during alcohol intolerance?
A process that cycles electrons back to Cyt C about every 3 cycles to produce more ATP, used in the Calvin Cycle
What is cyclic electron flow?
Chromosomes line up independently on either side of the metaphase plate regardless of any other chromosomes' positions.
Maternal and paternal chromosomes have a 50/50 chance of lining up on either side of the metaphase plate.
What is independent assortment?
What is random segregation?
A molecule released by platelets in the vicinity of an injury, stimulating fibroblasts to divide
What is PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)?
O2
What/who is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
A molecule that can be checked to determine whether muscles are functioning fermentatively
What is lactate?
The molecule regenerated at the end of the Calvin Cycle to be joined with CO2 with the help of rubisco.
Bonus: How many turns of the Calvin Cycle does it take to generate a full glucose molecule?
What is RuBP?
2 turns (3 carbons x 2 = 6 carbons)
What is an anaphase promoting factor?
Anchorage dependence + density-dependent inhibition
Bonus: How do these relate to cancer?
What are physical conditions outside the cell that control cell division?
Cancer cells lose sense of anchorage dependence (don't need a surface to grow on and can travel through the body). They grow constantly on top of each other, losing their density dependent inhibition sense.
NADH & FADH2
Bonus: Name the different paths they take in oxidative phosphorylation
What are the electron carriers in cellular respiration?
The process that converts lactate to glucose in the liver, with glucose being stored as glycogen or sent back through the blood to the muscle cells
What is gluconeogenesis?
5, 1
The process by which bacteria and other single-celled organisms reproduce
What is binary fission?
Premature pushing of a cell into M phase before DNA duplication can occur + increased concentration of MPF
What happens if cyclin is constant throughout the cell cycle?