Scientists and Discoveries
Griffith was responsible for the experiment that:
A. Verified COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS' percentages in DNA, showing that A% = T% and G% = C%
B. Infected rats/mice with heat-killed "Smooth strain" mixed with live "rough-strain" bacteria, showing TRANSFORMATION of foreign DNA
C. Captured X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY picture of DNA structure's double helix
D. Reviewed other scientists' work to compile evidence and "create" the 3-D model for DNA STRUCTURE
B. Infected rats/mice with heat-killed "Smooth strain" mixed with live "rough-strain" bacteria, showing TRANSFORMATION of foreign DNA
The term SEMICONSERVATIVE model was coined because it was shown (with heavy vs. light ______ isotopes) that after DNA replicates that:
A. Each of the two "daughter" DNA double helices consists of One old parent strand and one new strand together
B. Each of the two "daughter" DNA double helices consists of alternating pieces of each old parent strand and new strand together, like okazaki fragments of 4 old nucleotides followed by 4 new nucleotides, ligated together into each strand of the double helices
C. One of the DNA helices is both old strands together while the other is both new strands together
A. Each of the two "daughter" DNA double helices consists of One old parent strand and one new strand together
What isotope was used? (BONUS 100 Points!)
Duplicated chromosomes that stay together & are identical to each other are called what?
A. Sister chromatids
B. Homologous chromosomes
C. Centromeres
D. Daughter chromosomes
A. Sister chromatids
What is the "Central Dogma" for Transcription and Translation, according to Professor Rodela?
DNA --> RNA --> Proteins
What does "negative" gene regulation mean?
Down-regulating of a gene, so expressing LESS of it or turning it off (such as REPRESSING an Operon; Chp. 18)
Hershey and Chase were responsible for the experiment that:
A. Verified COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS' percentages in DNA, showing that A% = T% and G% = C%
B. Infected rats/mice with heat-killed "Smooth strain" mixed with live "rough-strain" bacteria, showing TRANSFORMATION of foreign DNA
C. Showed that DNA and not proteins was the GENETIC MATERIAL being passed down to new daughter cells, as exhibited by the radiocative phosphorus injected by bacteriophages into new cells
D. Reviewed other scientists' work to compile evidence and "create" the 3-D model for DNA STRUCTURE
C. Showed that DNA and not proteins was the GENETIC MATERIAL being passed down to new daughter cells, as exhibited by the radiocative phosphorus injected by bacteriophages into new cells
Put the following enzymes in order when it comes to the process of DNA replication of the lagging strand.
-DNA Polymerase
-Helicase
-Ligase
-Primase
-Topoisomerase?
Topoisomerase?
--> Helicase
--> Primase
--> DNA Polymerase (iii)
--> Ligase
A bacterial sample was collected & the next day there were colonies. The colonies were formed because the bacteria divided using this process:
A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis
C. Binary Fission
D. Horizontal Gene transfer
C. Binary Fission
If the PARENT strands for DNA read:
5' AAA CCC GGC ATA 3'
3' TTT GGG CCG TAT 5'
then what would the mRNA for transcription read as?
5' AAA CCC GGC AUA 3'
What are some mutations that can occur if the "reading frame" of DNA is NOT read, transcribed, or duplicated correctly?
Point Mutation, Frame-shift mutation, Deletions.... anything else? If so, explain. (Yes, there are more but most relate back to these)
Chargaff was responsible for the experiment that:
A. Verified COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS' percentages in DNA (across species), showing that A% = T% and G% = C%
B. Infected rats/mice with heat-killed "Smooth strain" mixed with live "rough-strain" bacteria, showing TRANSFORMATION of foreign DNA
C. Showed that DNA and not proteins was the GENETIC MATERIAL being passed down to new daughter cells, as exhibited by the radiocative phosphorus injected by bacteriophages into new cells
D. Reviewed other scientists' work to compile evidence and "create" the 3-D model for DNA STRUCTURE
A. Verified COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS' percentages in DNA (across species), showing that A% = T% and G% = C%
After replication, during what stage is the "double-check" occuring to ensure that UNHEALTHY or INCORRECT DNA sequences are not being passed on to the next daughter cell(s)?
A) G0
B) G1
C) S
D) G2
E) M
D) G2
By which phase does the cell have twice the amount of DNA?
A. G0
B. G1
C. S phase
D. G2
D. G2
Inside of the nucleus, after the initial mRNA transcript is created, what types of "modifications" can occur?
5' Cap,
Poly A-tail,
......Introns vs Exons (introns INTERFERE and are removed, Exons are glued together to be EXpressed)
Operons? Turn "on" or "off" depending on other feedback or enzymes
Describe how cancerous cells can start to grow tumors.... (Does not have to be malignant)
Essentially bypassing apoptosis. EXPLAIN
Rosalind Frankin (and Maurice Wilkins) were responsible for the experiment that:
A. Infected rats/mice with heat-killed "Smooth strain" mixed with live "rough-strain" bacteria, showing TRANSFORMATION of foreign DNA
B. Captured X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY picture of DNA structure's double helix
C. Showed that DNA and not proteins was the GENETIC MATERIAL being passed down to new daughter cells, as exhibited by the radiocative phosphorus injected by bacteriophages into new cells
D. Reviewed other scientists' work to compile evidence and "create" the 3-D model for DNA STRUCTURE
B. Captured X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY picture of DNA structure's double helix
Briefly describe mismatch repair & DNA proofreading
DNA proofreading - Occurs when DNA polymerase corrects the misplaced nucleotide before replication is completed.
Mismatch repair - Occurs after DNA is replicated but nuclease cuts several nucleotides & a DNA polymerase corrects the sequence.
1. In which of the phases do we not see a nuclear membrane at all?
2. In which of the phases do we see DNA in chromatin form?
3. In which phase do we see 2 new daughter cells?
1. Metaphase & Anaphase
2. Prophase & Telophase
3. Cytokinesis
What are the 3 specific "sites" on the ribosome that tRNA brings _______ ________ to?
A= Arrival?
P= Poly + (polypeptide creating here)
E= Exit
for AMINO ACIDS brought in with tRNA's anticodons
What are the steps to "Cancer Progression"?
1.Cancer cells grow out of control
2. Rather that be removed by the immune system, the cancer survives
3. Blood vessels grow into the cancer, feeding it
4. Cancer cells invade other healthy tissues
5. Inflammation occurs as the immune system tries to fight the cancer
Watson and Crick were responsible for the experiment that:
A. Reviewed other scientists' work to compile evidence and "create" the 3-D model for DNA STRUCTURE
B. Infected rats/mice with heat-killed "Smooth strain" mixed with live "rough-strain" bacteria, showing TRANSFORMATION of foreign DNA
C. Captured X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY picture of DNA structure's double helix
D. Showed that DNA and not proteins was the GENETIC MATERIAL being passed down to new daughter cells, as exhibited by the radiocative phosphorus injected by bacteriophages into new cells
A. Reviewed other scientists' work to compile evidence and "create" the 3-D model for DNA STRUCTURE
Explain the function of each enzyme:
Helicase
Primase
Topoisomerase
Ligase
DNA Polymerase
Single Stranded Binding Proteins
Helicase - Unzips the original strands' base pairs from each other
Primase - Makes a short strand of RNA primer to place at "origin"
Topoisomerase- "stabilizes" DNA by "straightening the ribbon" (untwisting the helix/ no supercoiling) so that helicase can unzip the complementary nucleotides
Ligase - Glues parts together to make continuous strand
DNA Polymerase - Adds the nucleotides to make a new DNA strand (complement to the template)
Single Stranded Binding Proteins - Prevents the DNA from reforming the double helix while unzipped
Name & briefly explain the 5 steps of mitosis
1. Prophase - Nuclear membrane & nucleolus starts to break down, chromatin begins to condense, & centrosomes begin moving to opposite poles
2. Metaphase - Sister chromatids are now aligned at the equatorial plate
3. Anaphase - Sister chromatids are separated from each other, each becoming its own chromosome
4. Telophase - Nuclear envelope & nucleolus start to reform. Chromosomes start to decondense into chromatin. Dont need spindle anymore
5. Cytokinesis- Cytoplasm splits (cleavage furrow) to form 2 new, identical daughter cells
Name & briefly explain the 4 steps of meiosis I
1. Prophase I - Nuclear membrane breaks down. Crossing over occurs.
2. Metaphase I -Homologous chromosomes line up in series at equatorial plate
3. Anaphase I -Homologous chromosomes are separated
4. Telophase I - 2 non identical cells that are haploid are formed
What is an "oncogene"?
"mutated proto-oncogene that produces an abnormal
protein
• Leads to uncontrolled cell growth"
(from Cancer lecture, slide 12...a.k.a. a "cancer-gene" that ends up producing cancerous cells because something went wrong; either turning on something that shouldn't have been, or turning OFF something that should be ON)