The Brain and Behavior
list two studies that support strict localization of function
Paul Borca (1861)- Broca's area/aphasia (Tan-Tan=could not speak)
Carl Wernicke (1874) Wernicke's area/aphasia (no comprehension of language)
Wilder Penfield (1891-1976)- mapped the brain using natural stimulation (the Cortical Homunculus)
Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga (1967)- split brain research, cutting of the corpose callosum
Maguire et al (2000)- taxi drivers spacial memory is located in the hippocampus
describe hormones
hormones travel through the blood stream, which regulate long-term ongoing processes and allow for lesser voluntary control. hormone change the probability that a certain behavior will occur.
what is the function of DNA?
to store information
list one study that was conducted to animals.
Lashleys study on rats
Merzenich et al (1984) on chimpanzees
Romero et al (2014) on dogs
Weaver et al (2004) on rats
list two studies regarding neuroplasticity
Draganski et al (2004)- Aim= can the brain change structure in response to environmental demands. (juggling Experiment)
Draganki et al (2006) looked at medical students before during and after examinations (found that stress can reduce grey matter in the brain)
Maguire et al (2000) looks at spacial memories in taxi drivers (found that the more grey matter is found in the hippocampus when memorizing locations)
describe Oxytocin and two studies that regarding the hormone.
Oxytocin plays a role in the sexual reproduction.
Romero et al (2014)- sprayed Dogs with Oxytocin, results show that the dogs sprayed were more affiliated with their owner
Kosfeld et al (2005)- participants where sprayed with oxtocin and played trust game, in which those who received the oxytocin had more trust in others, second study was approach/avoidance task. where pictures were flashed in front of participants and a joy stick was used to increase or decrease photo size.
Sheele et al (2012)- stop distance index
discuss the results of Kendlers twin study in 2015?
the mean education level was significantly higher in the group of adoptive parents as compared to biological parents, this results in selective placement, which means that the twin with adoptive, more educated parents had higher IQ scores
what is an animal model?
is a concept that refers to using animal research to test a certain cause-effect hypothesis about a certain human behavior.
list three techniques used to study the brain.
Computerized axial tomography- (CAT Scan) multiple X-ray beams go through the head of a patient and the structure of the brain is revealed
Magnetic Resonance Imagining-- (MRI) pulses of energy are detected by the scanner which reveal hydrogen atoms in the brain, which allows a can of the brain
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagining- (fMRI) similar to MRI yet it allows fore the ongoing brain processing to take place
Positron Emission Tomography- (PET Scan) radioactive tracer is injected to bind itself to molecules naturally used in the brain, in which the PET scan picks up radio frequencies and constructs images of the brain
list one study on pheromones and its aim.
Cutler, Friedmann, & McCoy (1998)- investigate whether synthesized male pheromones increase socialsexual behavior
McCoy & Pitino (2002) investigated whether synthesized men pheromones increase socialsexual behavior of women
Lundstrom & Olsson (2005) study involving a woman's mood after being exposed to: either androstadienone or control solution; and in the presence of either a male or a female experimenter
Hare et al (2017) investigates whether androstadienone and estratetraenol signal gender and affect mate perception
decribe the findings in Weaver et al 2004 study on stress. (rat study)
rats that recieve more nurture from their mothers were more could deal with stress more. the rats that received less nurture from the mother were more sensitive to stress. rats raised with less nurture had more chemicals that inhibited transcription of the glucocorticiod receptor gene, which mean the rats had more stress.
what is the theory of truine brain proposed by MacLean?
the theory that divides the the brain into three parts: reptilian complex, limbic system, reptilian complex. each division represents a stage in evolution. for example the reptilian complex that you have in your brain should resemble the full brain of reptile.
list the pros and cons of a Positron Emission Tomography and a Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan.
PET Scan-
Pros= the machine can be smaller, useful in finding tumorous and metastases, good spacial resolution, cheaper
cons= invasive, only last about 30-40 second, difficult to detect data
MRI scan-
Pros= non invasive screenings, better resolution
cons= no metal in body, may cause issues with claustrophobia, more expensive, incidental findings occur
list the criticisms of pheromone research.
population validity
particpant bias
ecological validity
internal validity
experimenter bias
construct validity
ethic issues
what was the aim in Kaminsty et al 2008 case study?
(twin study)
wanted to see what genetic factors caused the identical twins to have such different life choices. used cognitive and personality test to find differences as well as genetic and epigenetic test
name the pros and cons of animal research.
Pros:
humans and animals are identical in many ways
studies can produce useful models that apply to humans
animal studies allow researchers to embrace the full lifespan
animal studies are inexpensive
Cons:
animals and humans are not identical in all ways
animals differ from humans psychologically
animals may be under stress because of the lab environment
explain the process of neurotransmission with regards to two studies.
dendrite receive neuro signals, that are then passed to the Axon, which pass the signal further to the Axon terminals. these axon terminals then lead to the synaptic gap. at the synaptic gap a neurotransimitter is released from the axon transmitter and into the synaptic gap. the neurotransmitter then reaches the post-synaptic membrane where it binds to receptors on a new dendrite. the remaining nerotransmitters that do not bind to the receptors are destroyed through reuptake.
crockett et al (2010)- use of SSRIs to find that serotonin reduces the acceptability of personal harm and promotes prosocial behavior (save one man or save Five Men)
FIsher, Aron, & Brown(2005)- found that showing photos of loved ones released dopamine from the dopamine rich neural system, the dopaminergic pathway. (Love Study)
Freed et al (2001)- results showed that transplantation of dopamine-producing neurons in the putamen of patients results in some clinical benefits in younger patients but not older patients. (Parkinson's disease study)
define replicability related to pheromone research.
the process of repeating a study and getting similar results, this is the main issue that hinders the findings of pheromones, since many studies can not get similar results.
list two methods of research in genetics and behavior.
Twin studies
Family studies
Adoptive studies
Molecular genetics
give one study that shows how animals studies are helpful to human research
McGowan et al (2009)- wanted to replicate an animal study with the human brain. he looked at 24 indivudals that had committed suicide, and conducted a post-mortem examination on the brain, in order to replicate Weaver et al (2004).