Spinal cord & spinal nerves
Which region of the spinal cord has more spinal nerve pairs than the corresponding number of vertebrae?
a. Cranial
b. Cervical
c. Thoracic
d. Lumbar
b. Cervical
Describe a postganglionic neuron.
A) They are myelinated and extend from the autonomic ganglion to the target cells.
B) They are unmyelinated and extend from the autonomic ganglion to the target cells.
C) They are unmyelinated and extend from the target cell to the cerebrum.
D) They are myelinated and extend from the anterior horn to the target cells.
B) They are unmyelinated and extend from the autonomic ganglion to the target cells.
Which is not one of the 5 special senses?
a) Vision
b) Equilibrium
c) Vibration
d) Olfaction
c) Vibration
Which of these is a component of an electrical synapse?
a.Voltage-gated channels
b.Gap junctions
c.Tight junctions
d.Neurotransmitter
b. Gap junctions
True or false: The response of a cell to a neurotransmitter is based on the specific qualities of the neurotransmitter.
False. (What is it based on?)
A dermatome
a) is the area of skin supplied by a pair of spinal nerves
b) exists for each spinal nerve except for C1
c) can be used to locate the site of spinal cord or nerve root damage.
d) all of these are correct.
d) all of these are correct.
For spinal nerves in sympathetic nervous system, axons of the postganglionic neurons can pass through a ___________ and reenter a spinal nerve.
A) White ramus communicans
B) Dorsal root ganglion
C) Gray ramus communicans
D) Collateral ganglia
C) Gray ramus communicans
Compared to the white ramus communicans, is the gray ramus communicans proximal or distal to the spinal cord?
What are the three main components of the outer ear?
a) cochlea, tympanic membrane, auricle
b) external auditory canal, axillary, ossicles
c) auricle, tympanic membrane, external auditory canal
d) vestibular duct, auricle, auditory tubes
c) auricle, tympanic membrane, external auditory canal
Which of the following is correct concerning dual innervation from the ANS?
A) It allows nerves to maintain a background level of activity.
B) Target organs receive input from both
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of
the ANS.
C) Where it exists, the two divisions have the same effects.
D) All of the above are correct.
b. Target organs receive input from both
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of
the ANS.
The cranial meninges do not include the
a) arachnoid mater
b) subdural space
c) subarachnoid space
d) epidural space
d) epidural space
Axons of sensory neurons synapse with the cell bodies of interneurons in the _________ of spinal cord gray matter.
a) ventral horn
b) lateral horn
c) dorsal horn
d) gray commissure
c) dorsal horn
Describe what is found in the sympathetic chain ganglion and in the collateral ganglion?
A) Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
B) Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
C) Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division
D) Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division
B) Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
What is the role of the auditory ossicles in hearing?
a.They play a major role in equilibrium.
b.They act as levers to conduct vibrations to the inner ear.
c.They vibrate against the round window and distort the perilymph in the vestibular duct.
d.They play no role in hearing.
b.They act as levers to conduct vibrations to the inner ear.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of excessive sympathetic stimulation?
a.constricted pupils
b.high blood pressure
c.rapid heart rate
d.sweating and tachycardia
a) constricted pupils
Question: Which structure allows axons to cross over to the contralateral side of the spinal cord?
a.Posterior ramus
b.Anterior median fissure
c.Gray commissure
d) Communicating rami
c. Gray commissure
Give the correct order of components of a reflex arc that an action potential follows after a sensory receptor is stimulated.
1) sensory receptor
2) sensory neuron
3) interneuron
4) motor neuron
5) effector organ
Match the following to either sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system.
A. Short preganglionic neuron; long postganglionic neuron
B. Long preganglionic neuron; short postganglionic neuron
C. Preganglionic neuron cell body in the lateral horns of thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord gray matter (T1-L2)
D. Preganglionic neuron cell body in the brainstem and lateral horns of the sacral region of the spinal cord gray matter (S2-S4)
E. Responses include increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands
F. Responses include heightened mental alertness
Sympathetic:
A. Short preganglionic, long postganglionic
C. Lateral horns of thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord gray matter (T1-L2)
F. Responses include heightened mental alertness
Parasympathetic: B. long ganglionic, short postganglionic
D. Preganglionic neuron cell body in the brainstem and lateral horns of the sacral region of the spinal cord gray matter (S2-S4)
E. Responses include increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands
Which structures comprise the major subdivisions of the bony labyrinth?
a.anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular ducts
b.middle ear, inner ear, and membranous labyrinth
c.vestibule, three semicircular canals, and the cochlea
d.vestibule, saccule, and utricle
c.vestibule, three semicircular canals, and the cochlea
Nicotinic receptors are located in:
a) postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division
b) postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
c) membranes of skeletal muscles cells
d) Both a and b are correct
e) all of these sites
e) all of these sites
Given these ear bones: 1) incus, 2) malleus, 3) stapes:
Choose the arrangement that lists the ear bones in order from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
a) 1, 2, 3
b) 1, 3, 2
c) 2, 1, 3
d) 2, 3, 1
c) 2, 1, 3
For the withdrawal reflex with crossed extensor reflex, put the following events in the correct order.
1) Sensory neurons synapse with excitatory interneurons that are part of the withdrawal reflex.
2) Collateral branch of the sensory neurons also synapse with excitatory interneurons that cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord as part of the crossed extensor reflex.
3) Excitatory interneurons that cross the spinal cord stimulate alpha motor neurons supplying extensor muscles in the opposite limb, causing them to contract and support body weight during the withdrawal reflex.
4) Excitatory interneurons that are part of the withdrawal reflex stimulate alpha motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles, causing withdrawal of the limb from painful stimulus.
5) Sensory neurons from pain receptors conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.
a) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3
b) 1, 5, 4, 2, 3
c) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
d) 1, 5, 4, 3, 2
c) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
5) Sensory neurons from pain receptors conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.
1) Sensory neurons synapse with excitatory interneurons that are part of the withdrawal reflex.
4) Excitatory interneurons that are part of the withdrawal reflex stimulate alpha motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles, causing withdrawal of the limb from painful stimulus.
2) Collateral branch of the sensory neurons also synapse with excitatory interneurons that cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord as part of the crossed extensor reflex.
3) Excitatory interneurons that cross the spinal cord stimulate alpha motor neurons supplying extensor muscles in the opposite limb, causing them to contract and support body weight during the withdrawal reflex.
A drug blocks the sympathetic division's effect on the heart. What response would it be blocking? What would the result be?
Blocking the sympathetic response of increased rate and force of contraction.
Result: Decreased force of contraction. (parasympathetic contraction)
Damage to the semicircular canals affects the ability to detect
a) sound
b) the position of the head relative to the ground
c) the movement of the head in all directions
d) all of these are correct
c) the movement of the head in all directions
Some sweat glands in the sympathetic nervous system have ____________ receptors.
a) nicotinic
b) muscarinic
c) adrenergic
b) muscarinic
Which neurotransmitter is released by all neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
a.norepinephrine
b.epinephrine
c.acetylcholine
d.monoamine oxidase
c.acetylcholine