The Cell
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a reaction without itself being used up.
The biosphere extends __km into the oceans and __km into the sky. It includes air, __, ___ and __.
8km, 8km, sea and soil and rock.
What are some structure of a bacteria?
Cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, chromosome, plasmid, cytoplasm, flagella* (*sometimes) (20 points per answer)
What can increase heart rate in a human?
Exercise, Adrenalin, stress, temperature
Cellulose is an example of structural
Carbohydrate
What is an enzyme?
What is a substrate? (50 extra points)
Protein that speeds up a reaction that is not used up in the reaction.
A substrate is the substance with which an enzyme reacts.
Draw a food chain on the board with at least two levels of consumers. (CHAIN NOT WEB)
Any accepted chain containing:
Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer and top consumer.
What is an Endospore
A bacteria that can withstand harsh or unfavourable conditions. (Temperature, pH and pressure).
Forms inside the parent cell, which breaks down.
Can remain dormant for a long time.
What are characteristics?
Traits that arise from interaction of genes and their environment
Give the word equation for photosynthesis
water + carbon dioxide = sugars/energy and oxygen
Give an example of a catabolic enzyme and it’s substrate.
Amylase, starch > maltose
Lipase, triglyceride > glycerol and fatty acids
What is a Pyramid of numbers?
A pyramid of numbers represents the numbers of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain
Define Heterotrophic
Define Saprophytic
Define Parasitic
Heterotrophic- takes in food made by other organisms
Saprophytic - organisms that take in food from dead organic matter.
Parasitic - organisms that take in food from a live host and usually cause harm.
differences between DnA and RNA
DNA - deoxyribose sugars, contains base T (thymine), double stranded, found in nucleus
RNA- has Ribose sugars, contains base U (uracil), single stranded, found in nucleus and cytoplasm
Give the chemical equation for photosynthesis
H2O + CO2 = C6H12O6 + O2
list three ways to immobilise enzymes for both physical and chemical methods (6 in total)
Attached to each other, attached to insoluble supports, enclosed within a membrane or gel. (Extra ten points if they say sodium alginate)
Bonded to an inert support, bonded to each other.
What is nitrogen fixation? (Exam accepted answer only! Half points if somewhat correct)
conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-).
What 5 factors affect bacterial growth
Temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, external solute concentration, pressure
What would we use a line transect for in an ecology study?
to sample a narrow strip of a habitat, used for qualitative surveying, not quantitative.
What plant do we use to study photosynthesis ?
Bubble experiment - Canadian Pondweed or Elodea
Light and iodine experiment - any green leaf
Explain the three steps to immobilise Sucrase
1- Mix yeast solution with sodium alginate solution
2 - Add drops of the mixture to a calcium chloride solution
3- Rinse hardened beads in a sieve
List 3 methods of waste management issues in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (one each).
Eutrophication due to release of nutrients into rivers and lakes, fish processing waste being highly alkaline and causing pH imbalance in water systems, wood scraps and sawdust rotting, causing growth issues and acidification of soil or monoculture/monocropping.
Explain the growth curve of bacteria
Lag phase (A), Log phase (B), Stationary phase (C), Decline phase (D), Survival phase (E)
Explain how to extract DNA from a sample (onion)
1 - chop onion into small bits
2- put in salt and detergent mix
3 - heat in a water bath to stop enzymes breaking down dna
4- place in an ice cold water bath
5- filter mixture to get proteins from the filtrate
6 - add protease enzyme
7 - add ice cold ethanol to precipitate dna
Describe what the Light Stage of photosynthesis and the Dark stage of photosynthesis are (not how they work)
3 points needed on each for full pointsLight stage - dependent on light, energy provided by light allows for photosynthesis, reactions occurs quickly so no enzymes required
Dark stage - independent of light, reactions provided by ATP, enzymes control reactions.