DNA & Protein Synthesis
What are the two strands of DNA twisted into called?
A double helix
What type of cell division produces haploid cells?
Meiosis
Evolution is the change in what over time?
Allele frequencies
What is the total collection of genes in a population called?
A gene pool
Which type of resource can naturally replenish itself?
Renewable resource
Which nitrogen base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine
What term describes two identical alleles for a trait?
Homozygous
Structures with similar anatomy but different functions are called what?
Homologous structures
Which type of selection favors average traits?
Stabilizing selection
What gas is most commonly associated with the greenhouse effect?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
What process copies DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
If R is dominant and r is recessive, what phenotype would an Rr organism show?
The dominant trait
What are structures with little or no current function called?
Vestigial structures
Random changes in allele frequencies are called what?
Genetic drift
Give two examples of renewable energy sources
Wind, water (hydroelectric), Sun (solar)
DNA → RNA → Protein is known as what?
The Central Dogma of Biology
In a cross between Rr × rr, what percentage of offspring are recessive?
50%
List the four main steps of natural selection.
Variation, competition, survival, reproduction
What is reproductive isolation?
When populations can no longer successfully breed
Explain the greenhouse effect
Gases in the atmosphere hold on to the energy from the sun, preventing it from leaving the atmosphere, trapping it. This increases the heat that is trapped, making it warmer.
A DNA template strand reads: TAC GGA TTT. What is the mRNA sequence?
AUG CCU AAA
Name TWO ways meiosis increases genetic variation.
Crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization
Why did dark-colored peppered moths become more common during the Industrial Revolution?
They were better camouflaged and survived/reproduced more
Explain the difference between microevolution and macroevolution.
Microevolution = small changes within populations; macroevolution = large evolutionary changes leading to new species
Give TWO examples of sustainable practices that reduce environmental impact.
Recycling, conservation, renewable energy use, resource management, etc.