Nervous System & Signalling
Homeostasis & Thermoregulation
Endocrine, Plants & Homeostasis
Pathogens & Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity & Epidemiology
100

What is the branched part of a neuron that receives signals called?

Dendrite

100

What structure detects a stimulus?

Receptor

100

Which hormone lowers blood glucose by promoting its uptake and storage?

Insulin

100

What do we call a non-living infectious agent that requires a host cell to replicate?

Virus

100

What protein, produced by plasma (B) cells, binds specifically to an antigen?

Antibody

200

What is the chemical messenger released from a presynaptic neuron called?

Neurotransmitter

200

What do we call an animal that relies on external sources to regulate its body temperature?

Ectotherm

200

What are the cells that change shape to open and close the stomata called?

Guard Cells

200

What is the process by which a cell engulfs and digests a pathogen called?

Phagocytosis

200

What is the study of the spread and control of disease within populations called?

Epidemiology

300

What ion rushing in causes depolarisation of a neuron?Name and chemical symbol

Sodium (Na⁺)

300

What is the widening of blood vessels near the skin surface called? This is used to cool the body.

Vasodilation

300

What is a short-term state of reduced physiological activity to conserve energy called?

Torpor

300

Name 4 types of pathogen

  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Parasites (helminths/worms)
  • Prions
300

What long-lived cell enables a faster antibody response upon re-exposure to an antigen?

Memory B Cell

400

What is the process of neurotransmitters moving back from the synaptic cleft to the presynaptic neuron?

Reuptake

400

Name three receptors and the stimulus they detect.

  • Photoreceptors – light
  • Mechanoreceptors – pressure/touch
  • Chemoreceptors – chemicals
  • Thermoreceptors – temperature
  • Nociceptors – pain
400

Cells decrease number of receptors when exposed to high levels of a molecule like a hormone or neurotransmitter.

Downregulation

400

What term describes a trait that enhances a pathogen's ability to cause disease?

Virulence factor

400

What are the two types of adaptive immunity response?

- Humeral 

- Cell-mediated

500

The minimum change in membrane charge required to trigger an action. Write the name of this state and the charge.

Threshold potential (-55mV)

500

What is a dangerous drop in core body temperature below the normal range called?

Hypothermia

500

What is the hormone that regulates osmoregulation of some organisms and what does an increase in it result in?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), reduces water loss and  increases urine concentration.

500

Name two response factors of the non-specific immune defence system. 

  • Physical barriers – skin, mucous membranes
  • Chemical barriers – stomach acid, lysozyme (in tears/saliva), sweat/sebum
  • Phagocytes – white blood cells (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) that engulf pathogens
  • Inflammatory response – redness, heat, swelling, pain (increases blood flow, brings immune cells to site)
  • Fever – raised body temperature to inhibit pathogen growth
500

What are the two forms of active immunity? and how are they acquired?

  • Natural immunity –  through actual infection/exposure to a pathogen; memory cells
  • Artificial immunity – acquired through vaccination
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