Cells/Cell Membrane
Enzymes
Basic Bio-Chem
Mitosis
Macromolecules
100
What is the process that a cell will go through to make proteins?
Nucleolus makes ribosomes, ribosomes go to rough endoplasmic reticulum, protein is syntesised, sent to golgi body, packaged in vesicles, sent around or outside the cell.
100
What is an enzyme?
A catalyst that is made up of globular proteins, and is found in organisms and can speed up the rate of reaction and decrease the activation energy needed.
100
The basic unit of matter. The purest of (first answer). Two or more (second answer) together. Basic unit of a (third answer(.
What is an atom, element, compound, molecule.
100
The longest part of the cell cycle. (For double points, what is it made up of)?
What is interphase, which is G1 (Grow) , S (Synthesise DNA and replicate chromatins) , and G2 (enzyme checkpoint and final growth before the mitotic phase).
100
What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions? Which ones correlate with hydrolysis and condensation?
Catabolic breaks down, while anabolic builds up. Hydrolisis is catabolic, because water is added so that the macromolecule is broken appart (because the water can break from H2O to +H and -OH through dissaciation) and seperates the macromolecule. However condensation takes out a hydrogen atom and a hydroxide atom to combine macromolecules.
200
What is the cell membrane made up of and what is it commonly called?
Phospholipids (hydrophilic glycerol head and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails) and is often called the fluid mosaic model.
200
How enzymes can stop the production of whatever they are making.
What is feedback inhibition.
200
Water is ______. (For double points, what are three ways that water being ______ helps water do different things).
What is polar. Good buffer, adhesion and cohesion, transparency, holding heat, density, surface tension, pH neutral.
200
What are the parts of the mitotic phase?
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
200
How do macromolecules, monomers, and polymers relate? (Bonus! For double, are macromolecules big or small?)
Polymers are made of monomers and both are macromolecules.
300
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive is without energy, while active is with energy. Active uses proteins to move molecules across the cell membrane that require ATP, however there are channel proteins that don't require protein and are classified as passive transport. Passive also allows for diffusion (moving from high to low) while active moves from low to high. Osmosis, however, is passive also. This is because the molecules are small enough to fit through the cholesterol.
300
A hypothesis that describes how enzymes work.
What is the lock and key hypothesis.
300
What is the difference between intramolecular bonds and intermolecular bonds and what is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
Intra is in the molecule, while inter is with others. Ionic bonds are the stealing of valence electrons and is a strong, unbreakable bond, while a covalent bond is the sharing of electrons and is found more in biological organisms because it can be broken.
300
How many chromosomes and chromatids are there in each new daughter cell?
46 chromatids, and 23 chromosomes in each daughter cell.
300
What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?
Organic contain carbon (some exceptions) and can decompose, inorganic have no carbon.
400
Say you are feeling weak, what organelle in your cells isn't functioning properly? (2 possible answers, double if you can get both right)
Mitochondria, because it converts the nutrients into energy, and you aren't getting enough energy. Ribosomes, because you might not be getting enough protein.
400
The ______ binds to the ________ of an _______ and goes through a ________ ________ to create a __________.
Substrate, active site, enzyme, chemical reaction, product.
400
What is the difference between acidic and alkaline? (For double points, what are some examples?)
Acidic is below 7 on the pH scale and has more hydrogen atoms, while alkaline (or basic) is above a 7 on the pH scale and has more hydroxide atoms. Acidic things include stomach acids, lemons, while basic substances include soap, metal cleaner, etc.
400
What is cancer, and how is it created?
Cancer is created when, after the S phase in interphase, there is a mistake in the DNA, or when it is damaged. There is not a certain enzyme in the cell that destroys the cell if the DNA is not correct, this gene is called p53. The loss of this gene is in every cancer.
400
What is healthier, saturated or unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats, because they are solid at room temperature and unsaturated are liquid and can seep into cells easier, hence making you fatter.
500
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
- Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and eukaryotic cells do. - Prokaryotic cells don't have all the organelles but ribosomes and DNA but eukaryotic cells do not. - Prokaryotic cells are not found in humans and eukaryotic cells are. - Prokaryotic cells are always unicellular and eukaryotic cells are often multicellular. - Prokaryotic cells reproduce/divide by binary fission and eukaryotic cells reproduce/divide by mitosis/meiosis. - Prokaryotic stick to things using their pili, while eukaryotic don't.
500
What is denaturation and what can cause it/what is saturation?
Denaturation is the flattening of proteins and destroying the enzyme. Effects can include pH level and temp. Saturation is when the amount of enzymes is equal with the amount of substrates, in a graph it plateaus. Even if there is more enzymes or substrates, it can only do so many at a time in a 1:1 ratio.
500
What part of water is slightly negative, and what part is slightly positive?
Oxygen is negative, hydrogen is positive.
500
What happens in each stage of the mitotic cycle? (Double! What are the 3 reasons why cells divide and explain them?)
Prophase-chromosomes form and spindle fibers too, prometaphase-nucleus disappears and chromosomes go out, metaphase-chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibers attach to them, anaphase-chromosomes are pulled apart by the centrosomes, telophase-the cleavage furrow appears and the chromatids go to opposite sides and a nucleus reforms, and cytokinesis-the cell completely divides and two daughter cells are made. Bonus: Repair-if you get a cut, the cells need to make up for the loss and reproduce. Growth-to grow (obviously)(but can only grow if not touching other cells). Reproduction-how you are made!
500
What are the main 4 macromolecules and what are their monomers? (For double, what are their functions?)
Carbohydrates - monosaccharides - main source of energy Nucleic Acids - nucleotides - hold DNA and RNA Lipids - glycerol & fatty acids - insulation, x2 the amount of energy than that of carbs, but are harder to break down, in cell membrane, buoyancy, cushioning. Proteins - amino acids - many; to grow muscles and structure, hormones.
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