Chemistry of Life
The Cell/Organic Molecules
Cell Respiration/
Photosynthesis
Mitosis/Meiosis
Genetics/Heredity
100
What are two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond?
molecule
100
What is a cillium and what does it do?
short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fliud over a cell's surface
100
What is an autotroph vs. a heterotroph?
Autotroph: makes own food Heterotroph: cannot make own food
100
What does the S in S Phase stand for and what is the major event that occurs in this phase?
DNA Synthesis Duplication of DNA in cell's chromosomes
100
What are the main components of DNA? Provide a description of each.
Deoxyribose: sugar Phosphate Group: holds rungs of DNA together Nitrogenous Base: contains one of more atoms of nitrogen and is an organic ring structure
200
What is a Triple Covalent Bond?
Sharing 3 pairs of electrons
200
What is the difference between the Golgi Apparatus and the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Golgi Apparatus: modifies, stores, and routes proteins and other chemical products to next destination Endoplasmic Reticulum: work of membrances that is the main manufacturing and transporting facility in cell; produces enormous amount of molecules
200
What is the equation for cellular respiration? Photosynthesis?
C6H12O6 + 602 = 6CO2 + 6H20 6H20 + 6CO2 = C6H12O6 + 602
200
How is cytokinesis different between animals and plants?
Animals: cell membrance is drawn inward until cytoplasm pinches into 2 cells Plants: cell plate is used to separate
200
What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
RNA: uracil, ribose, and single strand DNA: thymine, deoxyribose, and double strand
300
What is the difference between an acid and a base?
Acid: large concentrations of H+ (0-6 on pH scale) Base: low concentrations of H+ (7-14 on pH scale)
300
What is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic?
Hypertonic: solution with higher concentration of solute (water leaves) Hypotonic: solution with lower concentration of solute (water enters)
300
Describe the steps for Cellular Respiration (aerobic).
1. Glycolysis: splitting of sugars; end result is 4 ATP, but two go back into process 2. Kreb's Cycle: in outer mitochondria; CO2 is waste; 2 ATP are made 3. Electron Transport Chain: in inner mitochondria; H20 is waste; end result is up to 34 ATP
300
What is a tetrad, when is it formed, and how is it important to crossing over?
Tetrad: two homologous chromosomes Form in Prophase I Contribute to crossing over because they are what cross over one another to create an exchange of genetic material between the homologous chromosomes
300
What is a gene vs. an allele?
Gene: section of DNA which codes for certain characteristic Allele: different versions of same gene
400
What is a buffer and why are they important to cells?
Keep substances at a constant pH levels; slight change denatures protein
400
Which form of a polysaccharide do animals store excess sugar in? Plants?
Animals:Glycogen Plants: Starch
400
What are the three parts of a chloroplast and their functions?
Thylacoid: filled with chlorophyll (stack = granam) Stroma: surrounds thylacoid and keeps moist Chlorophyll: light absorbing pigment
400
Which phase of meiosis is the longest - 85-95% of the total time?
Prophase 1
400
Describe transcription and translation.
Trancription: DNA converts to mRNA so that it will be easier to move out of the nucleus and go to other parts of the cell Translation: the mRNA nucleic acid language in codons is translated to the amino acid language to create animo acids
500
What stops enzymes from reacting?
competitive inhibitors
500
What is a fat that contains fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains?
Unsaturated Fat
500
What is the difference between light dependent reaction and Calvin Cycle?
Light Dependent Reaction: converts solar energy into chemical energy; occurs in thylacoid membrane; chemical energy is used to take H+ ions from water and oxygen is released as waste; H+ is used to convert NADP to NAHPH Light Independent/Calvin Cycle: ATP provides energy; sugar is made from atoms in CO2 and H+ in NADP; occurs in stroma; glucose in released
500
Describe in detail independent assortment. Give an example.
Random assortment of chromosomes during production of gametes Sample Example: Genes assort independently, so short people will not also always have red hair, or blue eyed people don't have blonde hair. They are not connected.
500
In rabbits, a single gene controlling coat color has four alleles. The inheritance pattern for coat color in rabbbits is therefore described as what?
Multiple Alleles
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