Chemistry and Cells
What is a polar covalent bond?
Equal sharing of electrons, similar electronegativity; hydrophobic
What is the definition of passive transport?
The passage of molecules through semipermeable membrane following the concentration gradient; does not require energy
What type of reproduction is mitosis?
Asexual
What is the central dogma?
DNA > RNA > Protein
What is an amphipathic molecule?
A molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions; ex. phospholipid
In what process is most ATP produced?
Oxidative phosphorylation; chemiosmosis
What is a dihybrid cross?
A cross of heterozygotes following two traits; 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
In what direction is DNA/RNA synthesized?
5' > 3'
What limits cell size?
Surface area to volume ratio
What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?
Exergonic: release energy
Endergonic: require energy
What is the difference between meiosis I vs meiosis II?
I: Reductional division, homologous chromosomes are separated going from 2n > n
II: Equational division, sister chromatids are separated reducing the amount of DNA
What does it mean for DNA to be antiparallel?
What is an isotope?
Atoms with a different number of neutrons, same number of protons and electrons
Name 2 factors that may increase the fluidity of a membrane
1. Warm temperature
2. More unsaturated tails
3. Presence of cholesterol
How are males affected in X-linked traits?
Can only inherit mothers Xs as they only have 1 X chromosome
What is the different between the leading and lagging strand?
The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in segments in the opposite direction
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonding; 𝛼-helix and/or 𝛽-sheets
In cellular respiration, what is the terminal electron acceptor?
Molecular oxygen
Given AaBB x AaBb, what is the likelihood of the offspring presenting all dominant phenotypes?
3/4
What would occur in the presence of a mutated repressor?
Constitutive transcription