Cell Ty
Define a prokaryotic cell.
A unicellular organism with no nucleus and no membrane‑bound organelles.
What radiation does a light microscope use?
Light
What organelle contains DNA?
Nucleus
Define diffusion.
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Write the word equation for photosynthesis.
CO₂ + water → glucose + oxygen (light).
Define a eukaryotic cell.
A cell with membrane‑bound organelles and a nucleus.
What radiation does an electron microscope use?
Electrons
What organelle produces ATP?
Mitochondria
Define osmosis.
Diffusion of water across a semi‑permeable membrane.
Where do light‑dependent reactions occur?
Grana.
List two similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Both have DNA, cell membranes, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
Which microscope can view living specimens?
Light microscope.
What organelle packages proteins?
Golgi Body
What transport process requires ATP?
Active transport.
Where do light‑independent reactions occur?
Stroma.
Explain why prokaryotes are generally smaller than eukaryotes.
They have simpler structures and fewer organelles.
Why do electron microscopes have higher resolution?
Electrons have shorter wavelengths, allowing finer detail.
Why does the mitochondria have folded inner membranes?
To increase surface area for respiration reactions.
Describe endocytosis.
Cell engulfs substances into vesicles.
Write the word equation for aerobic respiration.
Glucose + oxygen → CO₂ + water + ATP.
Compare the complexity of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes perform basic functions; eukaryotes have specialised organelles enabling complex processes.
Explain the difference between SEM and TEM.
SEM scans surfaces for 3D images; TEM passes electrons through thin samples for internal detail.
Explain how chloroplast structure supports photosynthesis.
Grana hold chlorophyll for light reactions; stroma supports glucose production.
Explain how SA:V ratio affects diffusion efficiency.
Higher SA:V increases diffusion rate; low SA:V slows exchange.
Explain why mitochondria produce more ATP than glycolysis.
The electron transport chain generates 34–36 ATP, far more than glycolysis’s 2 ATP.