Module 5
Which nitrogenous base pairs with adeine in a single-stranded RNA molecule?
Uracil
What type of point mutation changes a codon to create a premature stop codon?
Nonsense
What biological term describes a living organism, such as a mosquito or tick, that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another?
Vector
Which hormone does the pancreas secrete in response to a rise in blood glucose levels?
Insulin
What is the name of the process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
Photosythesis
What is the primary method of asexual reproduction used by unicellular bacteria?
binary fission
What term describes non-coding DNA sequences that are spliced out during the processing of pre-mRNA?
introns
What class of non-cellular pathogens consists entirely of misfolded, infectious proteins that contain no genetic material?
prions
Which region of the human brain acts as the primary control centre for thermoregulation?
Hypothalamus
An optometrist diagnoses a patient with hyperopia, causing nearby objects to focus behind the retina.
Which lens shape is required in corrective spectacles to converge incoming light rays onto the retina?
Convex
In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant to white eyes, and eye colour is an X-linked trait. A heterozygous red-eyed female mates with a white-eyed male.
What percentage of all male offspring is expected to have white eyes?
50%
What specific enzyme is used to covalently join DNA fragments together during recombinant DNA technology?
Ligase
A patient presents with a bacterial infection. The doctor prescribes an antibiotic that targets the peptidoglycan layer of the pathogen. What specific part of the bacterial cell does this antibiotic disrupt?
Cell wall
When osmoreceptors detect elevated blood solute concentration, the posterior pituitary increases secretion of a key hormone.
Which hormone acts directly on kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption?
ADH
What laboratory technique involves transferring a diploid somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated ovum to produce a cloned organism?
SCNT
A cross is performed between two individuals that are heterozygous for an autosomal recessive trait.
75%
A severe environmental disaster abruptly eliminates 95% of an isolated rodent population, randomly altering allele frequencies regardless of fitness.
What specific evolutionary mechanism of genetic drift is illustrated in this event?
bottleneck effect
A patient's immune system identifies a virus-infected cell. A specific type of lymphocyte is activated to directly target and destroy this infected cell, preventing the virus from spreading further. What is the cell called?
Cytotoxic T Cell
Which visual condition occurs when light rays focus in front of the retina rather than directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry?
Myopia
Sensorineural hearing loss commonly results from acoustic trauma or ageing.
Which sensory receptor cells within the cochlea suffer irreversible damage in this disorder?
hair cells
A gene sequence contains 240 nucleotides. This gene is transcribed into mRNA, and then translated into a polypeptide chain.
How many amino acids will be in the resulting polypeptide chain?
80
What specific type of bond forms between adjacent thymine bases when DNA is exposed to ultraviolet radiation?
covalent
A scientist isolates a suspected bacterial pathogen from a diseased animal, grows it in pure culture, and inoculates it into a healthy host. The healthy host fails to develop disease symptoms.
Which number postulate of Robert Koch's four criteria has not been satisfied?
3
Which genetic disease is characterised by a buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs due to a mutation in the CFTR gene?
Cystic Fibrosis
A gene coding for insecticidal delta-endotoxin proteins from a soil bacterium is inserted into cotton plants to confer pest resistance.
What is the specific genus name of this donor bacterium?
Bacillus