Cell types and organelles
Stem cells and mitosis
Organisation and specialisation
Membranes and transport
SA:V ratio, diffusion and inquiry
100
These cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What are prokaryotic cells?
100
This process produces genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
What is mitosis?
100
A group of similar cells working together is called this.
What is a tissue?
100
The cell membrane is described by this model.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
100
This ratio becomes less efficient as a cell gets larger, limiting cell size.
What is the surface area-to-volume ratio?
200
These cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What are eukaryotic cells?
200
Stem cells form specialised cells through this process.
What is differentiation?
200
Put these in order from simplest to most complex: organ, cell, system, tissue.
What is cell → tissue → organ → system?
200
These molecules form the basic bilayer of the cell membrane.
What are phospholipids?
200
As cell size increases, does surface area-to-volume ratio increase or decrease?
It decreases.
300
This organelle contains the genetic material and controls cell activities.
What is the nucleus?
300
These stem cells can form all cell types, including extraembryonic tissues.
What are totipotent stem cells?
300
Which two body systems work together to obtain and transport nutrients?
What are the digestive system and circulatory system?
300
This type of transport moves substances from high to low concentration without energy input.
What is passive transport?
300
Why does a large cell have more difficulty exchanging materials quickly?
Because it has a lower surface area-to-volume ratio and often a longer diffusion distance, making exchange less efficient.
400
Name the organelle responsible for modifying, sorting and packaging proteins.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
400
These stem cells can form many body cell types, but not all tissues of the entire organism.
What are pluripotent stem cells?
400
Which systems are involved in gas exchange and transport of gases in humans?
What are the respiratory system and circulatory system?
400
This type of transport uses ATP to move substances against a concentration gradient.
What is active transport?
400
In a diffusion investigation using cubes, which cube would usually show the fastest diffusion throughout its entire volume: small, medium or large?
The small cube.
500
Compare rough ER and smooth ER.
Rough ER has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein synthesis and transport. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification and other metabolic processes.
500
Distinguish between unipotent, multipotent, pluripotent and totipotent stem cells.
- Unipotent: can form one cell type
- Multipotent: can form a limited range of related cell types
- Pluripotent: can form almost all body cell types
- Totipotent: can form all cell types, including extraembryonic tissues
500
Explain how specialised cells and tissues are structurally suited to function.
Specialised cells and tissues have structures that match their roles, including size and shape, surface area-to-volume ratio, and organelle composition. For example, cells needing lots of energy may contain many mitochondria, while absorptive cells may have structures that increase surface area.
500
Explain how the cell membrane regulates movement of substances using osmosis, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.
- Osmosis: movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- Simple diffusion: movement of small non-polar molecules from high to low concentration
- Facilitated diffusion: movement down a concentration gradient through protein channels or carriers
- Active transport: movement against a concentration gradient using ATP and membrane proteins
- Endocytosis: membrane engulfs material into the cell
- Exocytosis: vesicles fuse with the membrane to release material from the cell
500
When interpreting data from a surface area-to-volume ratio experiment, what trend would you expect between SA:V ratio and diffusion rate?
A higher surface area-to-volume ratio is associated with a faster rate of diffusion and more efficient exchange of substances.