Proteins
What kind of bond links amino acids?
True or False: Lipids have diverse monomers.
True
True or False: DNA and RNA are double stranded.
False: DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded.
What are the monomers for carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides (single sugars)
The number of protons in that element (determines identity).
What is an essential amino acid?
An amino acid not naturally produced in the human body --> Must be consumed in out diet.
What is a fatty acid?
Fatty acids are hydrocarbons with a terminal carboxyl group.
What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
Bonus: What are its 3 parts?
Monomer: Nucleotide
- Composed of 1 nitrogenous base (ACTG), a 5 carbon sugar, and 1-3 phosphate groups.
What bond links together 2+ monosaccharides?
Covalent glycosidic bond
What is cohesion?
The property of water molecules that describes their tendency to stick to each other due to hydrogen bonds --> Causes surface tension.
Name the components of an amino acid
- Alpha carbon (central carbon) bonded to a hydrogen
- Carboxyl group
- Amino group
- Variable R group (functional group that determines amino acid identity)
What are the main components of a triacylglycerol?
3 fatty acids bonded by ester bonds to glycerol
What is Central Dogma?
DNA -(transcription)-> RNA -(translation)-> Protein
Give the Molecular Formula for a Monosaccharide
CH2O
What is an isotop
A
What is denaturation?
The permanent or temporary alteration of a protein structure (due to temp. pH, chemicals, etc), that impacts its function.
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, unsaturated fatty acids have 1+ double bonds.
Name a structural difference between DNA and RNA
- Nitrogenous base: In RNA, there is a U instead of a T
- Pentose Sugar: In RNA, 2' carbon has a hydroxyl group instead of a H.
Give an example of a structural polysaccharide
- Chitin (in fungi, insect exoskeletons)
- Cellulose (in plant cells)
What is electronegativity?
Inherent property of an element that describes its affinity (pull) for an electron.
Describe the 4 levels of protein conformation (shape)
1) Primary
2) Secondary
3) Tertiary
4) Quaternary
1) Primary: Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
2) Secondary: Folding of a polypeptide chain held together by hydrogen bonds. Two main types: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.
3) Tertiary: 3D Shape of polypeptide (multiple secondary structures together)
4) Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide subunits.
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
A phospholipid is composed of a phosphate group linked to an alcohol, 2 fatty acids (hydrophobic, nonpolar) attached to glycerol (hydrophilic, polar). The presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions makes phospholipids amphipathic.
Describe the difference between a pyrimidine and purine nitrogenous base.
Pyrimidine: Single ring, CUT
Purine: Double ring, AG
Name the different storage polysaccharides of plants vs. animals
Plants: Starch
Animals: Glycogen
What is an isotope vs. an isomer?
Isotope: Different atomic form of the same element. Same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Isomer: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements.