Learning
A cadet feels anxious when hearing a Teams notification sound because it has repeatedly preceded being given more work.
What is classical conditioning?
a. Sitting between sensory and long-term memory, this stage briefly holds information.
b. Sitting in the same place between sensory and long-term, this stage combines previously knowledge with new information.
a. What is short-term memory?
b. What is working memory?
Asked to picture a “fruit,” most people think of an apple before a fig. An apple is this kind of mental representation of the typical member of a category.
What is a prototype? (also representative heuristic)
A runner speeds up when spectators line the route, while a group-project member coasts because no one can track their effort. Name both effects.
What are social facilitation and social loafing?
A negative attitude towards a group, a negative generalization about their characteristics, and a negative behavior towards a group.
What are prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination?
A teen’s phone is taken away after breaking curfew, and curfew violations drop. Taking something away to decrease a behavior is called this.
What is negative punishment?
Tuning out a loud cafeteria to follow one friend’s story is selective attention. Texting during a lecture is divided attention, which mainly harms this memory process.
What is encoding?
Needing to hang a picture, you hunt for a hammer and never consider using a heavy shoe. Seeing objects only in their usual function is this cognitive obstacle.
What is functional fixedness?
You change your answer because you assume other's know more than you do.
What is informational influence/conformity?
A researcher found that angered participants gave more shocks when a rifle was in the room than when a badminton racket was.
What is the weapons effect?
A coach rewards small improvements in a cadet's push-up technique until the cadet performs a perfect push-up. What operant conditioning technique is this?
What is shaping (reinforcing successive approximations)?
Linking a word’s meaning to your own life produces stronger memories than noting its font or rhyme. This is the name for that level of processing.
What is deep processing?
Quick, intuitive System 1 thinking often relies on these error-prone shortcuts. Slow, deliberate System 2 thinking can follow this kind of step-by-step formula that guarantees a solution.
What are heuristics and algorithms?
Masked fans in a stadium act far more wildly than they would alone, because anonymity in a crowd lowers self-awareness.
What is deindividuation?
You blame your poor grade on a noisy testing room, while your friend blames his poor grade on lack of ability. Name each attribution in order.
What are external and internal attributions?
Children who watched an adult attack an inflated doll in Bandura’s famous study later attacked it too, showing this type of learning.
What is observational learning (modeling)?
Riding a bike without consciously recalling the steps is this type of memory. Deliberately recalling a fact or a personal event is this type.
What are implicit and explicit memory?
Frontal-lobe skills like planning, inhibiting impulses, and shifting strategies help us carry out steps such as framing a problem and evaluating solutions.
What is executive function?
A club of activists discusses current policy and leaves with even more extreme views than any member held when they arrived.
What is group polarization?
A person believes their own culture's customs and values are superior to those of other cultures.
What is ethnocentrism?
Two cadets face the same stressful inspection. One cadet is warned in advance while the other is not. This cadet experiences less stress when the inspection arrives.
Who is the warned cadet? (predictability reduces stress)
a. remembering your first day at usafa
b. remembering that the neutral stimulus is the same as the conditioned stimulus
a. episodic memory
b. semantic memory
a. Concluding “all swans are white” after seeing only white swans moves from specific cases to a general rule.
b. Reasoning from a general rule (“all birds have feathers”) to a specific case.
a. inductive reasoning
b. deductive reasoning
People feel better about themselves and find a sense of worth when they identify strongly with a group, and view their own in-group positively as compared to other out-groups.
What is social identity theory?
Instead of blaming pilots and retraining them on landing, Chapanis made the B-17 levers more visually distinct and tested the changes effectiveness with pilots. This is related to what field of psychology?
What is human factors?