Transport & Exchange
This form of CO₂ transport depends on carbonic anhydrase activity in RBCs.
Bicarbonate
This pressure exists in the space between the lungs and chest wall.
Intrapleural pressure
This is the primary stimulus for central chemoreceptors.
CO2 or H+ in CSF
If CO₂ increases, this weak acid forms in the blood.
Carbonic acid
This type of feedback loop works to return a variable back to its set point.
Negative feedback loop
This shift allows continued CO₂ transport by moving bicarbonate out of RBCs.
Chloride shift
During inspiration, lung volume does this.
Increases
Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to decreases in this gas.
Oxygen
The kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis by doing this.
Excreting bicarbonate
This ion is responsible for repolarization of the membrane
K+
This happens to hemoglobin’s O₂ affinity when blood pH decreases.
Decreased affinity (right shift in the curve)
Air flows out of the lungs when alveolar pressure is this relative to atmospheric pressure.
Greater > 1 atm
This happens to ventilation when CO₂ levels rise.
Ventilation increases
Hyperventilation causes CO₂ levels to do this.
Decrease
This is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron.
-70mV
This explains why CO₂ diffuses ~20x more readily than O₂.
CO2 is more soluble
This condition occurs when air enters the pleural space and the lung collapses.
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
This condition causes damage to the alveoli
Emphysema
In dehydration, ADH causes the collecting duct to become this to water.
Become more permeable
This occurs when a neurotransmitter makes the postsynaptic cell more likely to fire.
EPSP
This condition impairs diffusion by increasing membrane thickness.
Pulmonary fibrosis
These cells create a substance reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
Type 2 Alevolar Cells
This brain region modifies breathing patterns during activities like speaking.
This ion is secreted in exchange for sodium under aldosterone’s influence.
K+
This ion enters the presynaptic terminal to trigger neurotransmitter release. (include correct charge)
Ca2+