Cell Cycle
This phase of the cell cycle is when DNA replication occurs and sister chromatids are formed.
What is S phase?
During this stage of mitosis, chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
what is metaphase?
These enzymes cleave cytoplasmic proteins during apoptosis.
What are caspases?
These proteins cycle in expression and activate CDKs.
What are cyclins?
This embryonic process transforms a blastula into an embryo with three germ layers.
What is gastrulation?
This tumor suppressor protein regulates cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis.
What is p53?
During this mitotic stage, spindle microtubules pull sister chromatids apart.
What is anaphase?
This assay detects apoptotic cells by labeling fragmented DNA.
What is the TUNEL assay?
These structures in sperm contain enzymes that help penetrate the zona pellucida.
What are acrosomal vesicles?
This signaling pathway uses contact-dependent signaling through transmembrane ligand and receptor interactions.
What is the Notch/Delta signaling pathway?
This checkpoint mechanism prevents the cell cycle from progressing if damage or incomplete processes are detected.
What are checkpoint pathways?
In DNA replication, phosphorylation of these proteins causes them to dissociate from DNA and prevents re-replication.
What are ORCs (origin recognition complexes)?
Cancer cells commonly avoid this growth-control mechanism that normally prevents overcrowding.
What is contact-dependent inhibition?
These embryonic signaling pathways are reused repeatedly during development. Name one.
What are Wnt, BMP/TGFβ, FGF, Hedgehog, or Notch/Delta pathways?
This mesodermal structure beneath the neural tube secretes Sonic Hedgehog to pattern nearby tissues.
What is the notochord?
This process tags proteins with ubiquitin so proteasomes can degrade them.
What is ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis?
During apoptosis, this mitochondrial protein exits the mitochondria and activates caspases.
What is cytochrome c?
This developmental mechanism occurs when one group of cells changes the fate of neighboring cells.
What is embryonic induction?
These cells at the tip of the neural tube undergo EMT and migrate to form parts of the peripheral nervous system.
What are neural crest cells?
This family of transcription factors patterns the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis.
What are homeobox genes?
This model of cancer states that multiple mutations are required for a normal cell to become malignant.
What is the multi-hit model of cancer?
This developmental strategy involves unequal distribution of cytoplasmic molecules into daughter cells.
What are asymmetric cell divisions?
During mitosis, phosphorylation of these proteins causes nuclear envelope breakdown.
What are nuclear lamins?
This organizer region secretes BMP inhibitors that allow nervous system formation.
What is the Spemann Organizer?
These mesodermal structures later form muscle and bone.
What are somites?