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100
A collection of fundamental legal works issued from 529 to 534. Most of the Justinian Code did not make new law, but rather gathered, organized, and simplified existing law from the Roman Empire. The work was directed by a team led by Tribonian. Interet in the Justinian law increased after the Early Middle Ages, and it became influential in civil law (law in which the core principles are codified) and in canon law developed by the Catholic Church. This code combined combined legal precedents, judicial opinions, and imperial edicts
What is the Justinian Code?
100
A conference of ecclesiastical (church hierarchy) dignitaries and theological experts. Often issues decrees or edicts regarding doctrine. The Church of the East accepts only the first two councils; the others accuse it of adopting nestorianism (which is the belief that the human and divine natures of Christ are entirely separate.) The Oriental Orthodox Churches only accept the first three councils (objecting to rejection of monophysitism or miaphysitism in the Fourth). The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Anglican Church, some Protestant Churches, and the Roman Catholic Church accept the first seven councils. Martin Luther argued that the first four ecumenical councils were authoritative, but not binding on conscience. Only when council decisions are based on Scripture are they authoritative.
What is an ecumenical council (historical meaning)?
100
Constantine's new capital became more widely known by the name _____________; it is now called ________________.
What is Constantinople, and what is Istanbul?
100
Was a Byzantine (East Roman) emperor from 527 to 565. Tried to revive the Roman Empire, and gain back territory lost in the West. His generals led military campaigns throughout the Mediterranean world, defeating the Vandals in North Africa, capturing Italy from the Ostrogoths, and making gains in the Visigoth kingdom in Spain. However, he was unable to reclaim all of the land once held by Rome. Tried to restore the territory, heritage, culture, and greatness of Roman Empire.
Who was Justin?
100
Language spoken at Justinian Court.
What is Latin?
200
Justinian code is often used as a basis for this type of law in many modern states--law according to written laws, rather than according to precedent (which would be common law)
What is civil law?
200
Second largest Christian church; has no structure analogous to the Papacy in the Roman Catholic Church. This church split off from the Roman Catholic Church during the East-West Schism around 1054 AD, over disputes about the authority of the Pope. The eastern faction argued that the Christian Church should be governed by five patriarchs, from Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem--forming a pentarchy.
What is the Eastern Orthodox Church?
200
This is the name that Constantine gave the new capital of the Roman Empire, a city on the European coast of the Bosporus strait (it is now called Istanbul.)
What is "new Rome"?
200
One of the most influential and powerful of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) empresses. She lived from 500-548 AD. She was married to Justinian, and some scholars regard her as a co-regent. Both she and Justinian are saints in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Who is Theodora?
200
to collect and restate the law of a jurisdiction in certain areas, forming a legal code. Codified law is the basis of civil law; common law, on the other hand, comes from judge-made decisions, and is based on precedent more than on written law.
What is "to codify"?
300
Justinian Code justified this type of government.
What is absolute monarchy?
300
451 AD, 4th ecumenical council, established the "Chalcedonian Definition", that Christ has two natures, human and divine. (The debate was really over the meaning of the word "nature"--rather than doctrine--but this debate caused a church split, nonetheless.) Also issues several other decrees and canons, including one that said that the Archbishop of Constantinople is second only to the Pope. Monophysitism is the belief that Christ has only one divine nature; most Christians are Chalcedonian Christians, which is to say they reject this view (including Roman Catholics, Maronites, Eastern Orthodox, traditional Protestant churches, etc.) A slightly different view is miaphysitism, which holds that in the one person of Jesus Christ, divinity and humanity are united in one nature. Non-Chalcedean Churches include Oriental Orthodox churches such as the Syrian Orthodox Church, Armenian Orthodox Church, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria etc.
What is the Council of Chalcedon?
300
Cathedral that was destroyed during the Nika Riots, and rebuilt by Justinian I three years later. It was an Christian Church Cathedral until 1054, when the Greek Orthodox Church split for the Roman Catholic Church. From 1054 to 1453 AD, it was an Orthodox cathedral, with the exception of 1204-1261, when it was converted by Fourth Crusaders to a Roman Catholic Cathedral. It was an Imperial Mosque from 1453 to 1935, when it became a museum. This means "Holy Wisdom".
What is Hagia Sophia?
300
A collection of fundamental legal works issued from 529 to 534. Most of the Justinian Code did not make new law, but rather gathered, organized, and simplified existing law from the Roman Empire. The work was directed by a team led by Tribonian. Interet in the Justinian law increased after the Early Middle Ages, and it became influential in civil law (law in which the core principles are codified) and in canon law developed by the Catholic Church. This code combined combined legal precedents, judicial opinions, and imperial edicts
What is the Justinian Code?
300
adherence to accepted creeds, especially in religion. The purpose of the first seven Ecumenical Councils, from 325 to 787, were to formalize accepted doctrines. AND second, abandonment of accepted creeds.
What is orthodoxy, and what is heresy?
400
Italy, Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine; Syria
What are countries / regions reconquered by Justin?
400
The second ecumenical council of Christian bishops, convened by Roman Emperor Theodosius I in Constantinople. 381 AD. Theodosius was particularly interested in bringing the Eastern Church back to a Nicene tradition, away from the Arian tradition. (This gets into more complicated issues--Arians argued that the Son of God did not always exist, but was created by God the Father; the First Ecumenical Council (Nicene) rejected that view. It adopted the Nicene Creed, which uses the plural ("we believe"); describes Jesus Chris as "Light from Light, true God from true God," (proclaiming His divinity); describes Christ as "begotten not made," and "of one being with The Father". )
What is the First Council of Constantinople
400
Took place over the course of a week in Constantinople in 532 AD. It was the most violent riot of the time. Nearly half of the city was burned; tens of thousands of people were killed. The riots started over a conflict about teams that competed in chariot racing. (The chariot racing team clubs were sort of a cross between political parties and street gangs. There were four groups: The Blues, Reds, Greens, and Whites, although the only teams with influence were the Blues (favored by Justinian I) and the Greens. In 531, some members of the Blues and Greens had been arrested for and convicted of murder, because of crimes committed after chariot races. But a Blue and a Green escaped, and went to take refuge in the sanctuary of a church. Justinian I was nervous--there were competitors for his throne, people were resentful over high taxes, they were very resentful over the attempts he had made to root out corruption and put in place reforms--and at the same time, he was negotiating with the Sassanids (Persians) to end the Iberian War (and reduce spending by the Eastern Roman Empire.) He declared that a chariot race would be held on January 13, and he commuted the sentences to imprisonment, but the Blues and the Greens demanded that the two men be pardoned. On the day of the chariot race, the Blues and Greens united--against Justinian. They chanted a unified Nika (meaning "Win!" or "Conquer!" Five days of rioting broke out--and local troops and police refused to kill their own neighbors. Justinian had to use mercenaries to put down the riots, in part by appealing to the Blues by (1) reminding them of his prior support (2) pointing out that the emperor who would take his place was a Green and (3) bribing them with gold. The Hagia Sophia, the largest church in Constantinople (and until 1520, the largest cathedral in the world) was destroyed (Justinian would rebuild it about four years later.) To some degree, this incorporated the timeless poor versus rich distinction, as well as resistance to a ruler who was trying to root out corruption.
What was the Nika Revolt?
400
These were the two most powerful chariot racing / political groups during Justinian's reign. The Greens supported monophysitism, which asserted that in the person of Jesus Christ there was only one, divine nature; the Blues supported the orthodox position presented by the Council of Chalcedon, that Christ has two natures--human and divine.
What are Blues and Greens?
400
universal
What is the meaning of the word "catholic"?
500
Governance of the Church as expressed in the Justinian Code, by the "sees" (bishops) of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. In 1054, in the East-West Schism, the Eastern Orthodox Church split from the Roman Catholic church over a dispute about the Roman pope's power.
What is a pentarchy?
500
A meeting of Christian bishops in Nicaea (now in Turkey), convened by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325 AD. It produced the construction of the first part of the Creed of Nicaea (Nicene Creed). All 1,800 bishops of the Christian church within the Roman Empire were invited; about 300 attended, from every region of the Roman Empire. Granted exceptional authority for patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Rome.
What is the First Council of Nicae?
500
Byzantines versus Sassanids (Persians). from 526-532. Fought over control of the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia. The Treaty of Eternal Peace was signed in September 532; it lasted eight years.
What is the Iberian War?
500
The last Emperor to rule over both the Eastern and Western Empire, ruling from 379-395 AD. He failed to entirely defeat the Greeks.
Who is Theodosius I?
500
Justinian was the last emperor to use this title.
What is Caesar?
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