Repetition
We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills...
Anaphora
The moon is like a big silver dollar flipped by God, and it landed scarred-side up, see?
Simile
An arthropod is an invertebrate member of the phylum Arthropoda, which phylum covers insects, spiders, crustaceans, and centipedes/millipedes, all of whose main commonality, besides the absence of a centralized brain-spine assembly, is a chitinous exoskeleton composed of segments, to which appendages are articulated in pairs.
Jargon
Nah dawg, that ain't me.
Colloquialism
Phife Dawg is in the house
Uncle Mike is in the house
Bob Power is in the house
Tim Latham is in the house
Epistrophe
Mr. Chan tried to remove the stubborn stain from his plate. "Out, damned spot!" he cried, referencing Lady Macbeth.
Allusion
Shake your spear at Shakespeare!
(Think about how this one sounds)
Pun
Sleep is the cousin of death
Metaphor (or personification)
We must find a way--a way out of this dungeon and back to our homes!
Anadiplosis
He had been searching for this record for years, and he had finally found it: an original pressing of Led Zeppelin IV--his holy grail.
Metaphor
A penny saved is a penny earned!
Aphorism
It's raining cats and dogs outside!
Idiom
“Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.”
Chiasmus
Sandton, the richest square mile in all of Africa, overlooks Alexandra, one of the poorest slums in South in the region.
Juxtaposition
"ELONNNNNNNNNNNNNN!" He shouted
Apostrophe
Calories are fuel for the human body. Just as your car needs gasoline, your body needs to burn calories to keep going.
(Focus on the fact that this is meant to illustrate or clarify an idea)
Analogy
We're done for! Toast! Absolutely screwed! It's all over!
Congery
If you let Jim borrow your car, and you knew that Jim was going to speed to school, then you're just as much at fault as he is.
Syllogism
Boston wins the World Series!
(Was it the city or their team?)
Metonymy
Nice set of wheels! (This is referring to the entire car, not just the tires)
Synechdoche