Cell Cycle
Terms of Mitosis
Sexual reproduction
Cancer & its causes
Cancer Treatments
Development and Genes
100
When do cells copy their DNA?
S of Interphase
100
What does 2n mean, and provide an example.
Diploid cell meaning it has the full set of chromosomes Ex. somatic cells
100
Which gonads would typically form from someone with this karyotype?
ovaries (chromosomal female)
100
Do normal cells or cancer cells show anchorage dependence?
Normal cells show, anchorage dependence (the requirement for most normal, non-transformed eukaryotic cells to attach to a solid substrate or extracellular matrix (ECM) to survive, grow, and proliferate).
100
What is the difference between external and internal radiation?
External a energy beam is focused on a body part using a CT scan. internal a radioactive seed or pellet is placed in the body to destroy the DNA of surrounding cells
100
Tumor suppressor genes like p53 and BRACA1 protect against cancers by detecting DNA damage during this part of the cell cycle.
They detect DNA damage at G1 checkpoint
200
When the cytoplasm physically splits
Cytokinesis
200
What is final result of mitosis?
2 identical somatic or diploid cells
200
Name the 2 types of haploid (n) cells that sexually reproducing organisms produce.
sperm and eggs
surprise BONUS: which cell type in humans would only have a X for the 23rd chromosome?
200
Normal cells are going to divide a specific # of times and then die. What is this programmed cell death called?
Apoptosis
200
When cells are removed to perform tests to confirm for presence of cancer cells or not?
biopsy
200
Cells that regulate the speed of the cell cycle
Proto-oncogene
300
When is a cell just normally growing and functioning?
Gap 1 or G1 of interphase
300
During which phase of mitosis does cytokinesis occur?
Telophase
300
Describe the process of meiosis, such as how many times divide? undergo cytokinesis? # of cell produced, types of cells produced
2 divisions, 2 cytokinesis, NO S phase as part of the short interkinesis between divisions, produces 4 haploid (1/2 the normal # of chromosomes) gametes (egg or sperm) that are genetically different from each other.
300
Name 3 causes/sources of cancer.
Genetics, viruses, radiation and exposure to carcinogens.
300
Taxanes, alkylating agents, and topoisomerase inhibitors are all types of
chemotherapy
300
What are the 3 germ cell layers of a triploblastic organism each called.
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
400
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase are all phase of what part of the cell cycle?
M phase or mitosis phase
400
What result would occur if cytokinesis unequally split the cytoplasm of a dividing cell?
2 unequal sized cells, one larger than the other
Surprise BONUS can you give an example?
400
What gene and on what chromosome would it be found on in order for testes to form?
SRY gene on the Y chromosome
400
Human papilloma virus is linked to which type of cancer
cervical cancer
400
In what way is chemotherapy different in how it effects the cells of the body vs. radiation treatment?
Chemotherapy acts on all cells not just the specific area where the cancer resides. Radiation is still damaging DNA but it is more specific to the area of the body where the cancer is present.
400
Name the 2 types of genes that would suppress tumors and thus we would call Guardians of the Genome.
p53 and BRACA1
500
A cell that is not dividing is in what phase of the cell cycle?
Gap zero or G0
500
Provide 2 reasons why cells divide via mitosis.
replace cells, regenerate tissue, develop/grow, and for unicellular organisms a way to reproduce
500
What is the purpose of crossing over and independent assortment occur during meiosis.
Produce haploid gametes (n) that are genetically unique to each other.
Prophase I crossing over and Metaphase I independent assortment
500
What is it called where crowded cells stop dividing and growing upon contacting one another, often forming a single-layer monolayer.
density dependent inhibition (what normal cells show, not cancer cells)
500
Identify 3 pre screening procedures for cancer.
genetics, specific blood tests, skin checks, pap smear, colonoscopy, and mammogram. Also MRI, CT and PET scans
500
What do we call this structure, with totipotent cells within the inner cell mass?
Blastocyst