Anatomical Structures and Functions
Separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
What is the mitral valve?
Causes of a left mediastinal shift
What is a right pneumothorax or hemothorax?
Number of O2 molecules carried by 1 molecule of hemoglobin
What is 4?
Effects of tricuspid valve stenosis
What is - increased workload of right atrium?
Name for the volume of air exchanged during normal resting ventilation
What is tidal volume?
Nerve that innervates the diaphragm
What is the phrenic nerve?
The effect of pulmonary HTN on the workload of the heart
What is - increases the workload of the right ventricle?
Location of the PMI
What is the midclavicular line, 5th intercostal space - left side?
Responsible for innervation of the SA and AV nodes
What is the vagus nerve?
Accessory muscles of respiration - work best when UEs are fixed, e.g. - leaning on a table
What are the SCM, serratus anterior, and pectorals?
Collects deoxygenated blood from the head and UEs, returns it to the right atrium
What is the superior vena cava?
Effect of bronchoconstriction - e.g. - during an asthma attack
What is wheezing and increased airway resistance?
Heart sound that can be pathological, but can also be found in elite athletes and pregnant women, aka - ventricular gallop
What is S3?
Histological structure that assists in rapid propagation of an action potential across the myocardium
What are the intercalated discs?
Causes of barrel chest deformity in emphysema
What is - increased residual volume?
Location for the central pathway of the cough mechanism
What is the brain stem?
Primary impairments on PFTs for a patient with obstructive pulmonary disease
What is decreased FEV1 and decreased FEV1/FVC?
Proper response to drop in pO2 (e.g. - 88%) during exercise in a patient with COPD
What is stop, rest, encourage pursed lip breathing, monitor pO2? Consider supplemental O2 if pO2 remains below 90%
Collects deoxygenated blood from the myocardium and returns it to the right side of the heart
What is the coronary sinus?
Effect of diaphragm contraction on intrathoracic pressure
What is - diaphragm contraction causes decreased intrathoracic pressure?
Structures contained within the mediastinum
What are the thymus, trachea, esopahgus, arota, heart, superior vena cava, vagus n, phrenic nn and cardiac nn?
What is cardiac tamponade?
Changes in VQ ratio with PN or atelectasis
What is VQ ratio is decreased, i.e., less than 1?
According to the Frank-Starling Law, this event can cause an increase in stroke volume and greater strength of contraction in the left ventricle
What is increased preload/increased pulmonary venous return?
This substance keeps the alveoli from collapsing during maximal exhalation
What is tissue surfactant?
Tissue layer that lines the chambers of the heart, as well as the heart valves
What is the endocardium?
Primary determinant of uncompensated respiratory acidosis when the blood pH is less than 7.35
What is an increase in paCO2, i.e. - hypercapnia?
This gas triggers peripheral and central chemoreceptors to increase RR and depth
What is CO2 (hypercapnia)?
What is epinephrine?
Difficulty breathing when laying flat due to VQ mismatch
What is orthopnea?