Cells
Contains a circular DNA molecule, is unicellular, and lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cell
Building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
nucleotides (A,G,C,T/U)
Occurs via gain or loss of electrons
Ionic bond
Enzyme functions
The three subatomic particles
protons, neutrons, electrons
The region within the cell membrane that surrounds the organelles
Cytosol
The polymer associated with fatty acid chain monomers
Lipids
Binds monomers together to form polymers; occurs via electron sharing
Covalent bond
The energy barrier for a reaction is much ______ without enzyme involvement
higher/greater
The four elements found in most living things
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Genome
The "non-functional" polymer associated with Amino Acid monomers
polypeptide
Helps coil DNA into double helix structure; weakest bond type
Hydrogen bond
A substance that interacts with an enzyme; is then converted into product form
Substrate
Shows where electrons lie for a given atom
Electron shell diagram
Assembles polypeptides during protein synthesis
Ribosomes
The four components attached to an "alpha carbon" in an amino acid
Carboxyl group (COOH-), amino group (NH3+), Hydrogen atom, R-group side chain
Type of covalent bond that occurs when electron sharing is unequal
Polar covalent
Enzymes are not ___________________ in a chemical reaction
changed or consumed
A substance that releases Hydrogen ions; increases a solution's H+ concentration
Acid
Give a cell its unique appearance, function, and behavior; main laborers of the cell
Proteins
The type of reaction that occurs for monomers to be covalently bound together, forming polymers
Condensation/dehydration
Typically the only way that covalent bonds can be broken
Enzyme-driven chemical reactions
The type of interaction that occurs between an enzyme and its substrate
Noncovalent
The amount of electrons held here determines whether or not an atom is reactive
Outermost shell