Intro to Cells
Macromolecules
Enzymes
Membranes
Random
100
Define Metabolism
sum of all enzymatically controlled chemical reactions
100
STOP BEING A CAT AND CHOOSE SOMETHING HARDER NEXT TIME. JUST HAVE THE 100 POINTS WTV
HUGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
100
Oxidation vs Reduction
oxidation: an atom donates an electron
Reduction: an atom gains an electron
100
are the membrane lipids asymmetrical or symmetrical
ASYMMETRICAL
100
when are my tutoring hours on mondays?
2-5pm
200
What are the four transcription factors that resulting the fibroblast becoming a iPSC?
What are iPSCs?
Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc
iPSCs- induced pluripotent stem cells
200
Dehydration vs Hydrolysis
polymers are linked thru dehydration synthesis
polymers are broken thru hydrolysis
200
An interaction between lysine and aspartate is most likely what type of interaction
Ionic interaction
200
what prevents tight packing and increases membrane fluidity?
Cholesterol!
200
describe competitive inhibiton
inhibitor and enzyme fight for same spot
300
What did these people do?
Hooke
Leeuwenhoek
Schleiden and Schwann
Virchow
Hooke: described cells of cork
Leeuwenhoek: built microscopes
Schleiden and Schwann: orgs. are composed of one or more cells, cell are the smallest structural unit of life
Virchow: cells can only arise from pre-exisiting cells.
300
Describe the quaternary protein organization
subunits linked by non-covalent bonds or disulfide bridges
300
What are the two common mechanisms for regulating enzyme activity, and describe them?
Allosteric regulation- control of an enzyme when a molecule binds to a site other than the active site
Phosphorylation- addition of phosphate group to serine, threonine or tryosine by kinases
300
what are flippases
that are phospholipids that laterally shift and flip-flop
300
desc. totipotent
potential to form all cell types, even extraembryonic membranes
400
List 4 ways that eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells
Euk: has a nucleus, is multicellular, has membrane-bound organelles, capable of oxidative metabolism.
Prok: vice-versa
400
Describe the difference between saturated vs unsaturated
Saturated- max hydrogen bonds, more solid at room temp
unsat- double bonds, more liquid at room temp
400
what are the two types of cofactors
ions- prosthetic groups (such as Mg2+)
coenzymes (such as NAD+)
400
explain the cell fusion experiment
Cells proteins from 2 different cells are labeled
Cells are induced to fuse
measure prportion of mosaic cells over time
400
Can NO penetrate the lipid bilayer? why/why not
bc its small
500
Define the endosymbiont hypothesis and explain 3 observations that backs it up
The theory states that modern eukaryotes come from a large, anaerobic heterotroph taking in and hosting a small aerobic archaea.
1. Mitochondria and chloroplast both have their own DNA and ribosomes
2. Mitochondria and chloroplast both have double membranes
3. DNA sequence of organlles are more similar to prokaryotes than its hosts.
500
List the three nonpolar lipids and describe them
Triacyglycerol- glycerol + fatty acids
Steriods- 4 ring hydrocarbons
Phsopholipids- amphipathic
500
explain how allosteric regulation of an enzyme would work to cause feedback inhibition
In allosteric regulation of an enzyme, an enzyme at the beginning of a pathway helps make protein. If the protein is being overmade, then it can transform into an inhibitor to stop the enzyme at the beginning of the pathway.
500
Steps for action potential
Na/K pump maintaining resting potential (-)
Cell receives a stimulus
Voltage gate Na channel open an Na goes into cell
Max. point of depolarization, cell is now (+) instead of neg.
Na channel closes
K voltage-gated channel open, letting K ion rush out of cells
All voltage channels are closed and Na/K pump is going to restore the cells resting potential
500
list eight protein functions
1) Signal molecules- hormones (insulin)
2) receptors- insulin receptor
3) Transporters- motor proteins, carrier/channel proteins
4) Enzymes- DNA/RNA polymerase
5) Contraction- actin and myosin
6) Protection- antibodies
7) Gas transport- hemoglobin
8) structural- keratin