Meiosis
These are matching chromosomes inherit from the mother and father
What are homologs?
A chromosomal mutation type which causes individuals to have an ABNORMAL # of chromosomes; caused by an error in chromosome separation in meiosis or mitosis
What is an Aneuploidy
This is the main restriction checkpoint that determines whether a cell will divide or not.
what is the g1?
This is the splitting of the nucleus into two identical nuclei.
What is mitosis?
Structures at the poles that form the mitotic spindle and the structures located within them; the second one being found only in animal cells.
what are centrosomes and centrioles?
The process in which homologs find their matching chromosome pair (occurs in prophase l)
What is synapsis?
The difference between Trisomy and monosomy
What is Trisomy has 3 of a homologous pair, whereas monosomy has 1
A normal gene that makes proteins that work to advance cell cycle, but when mutated can cause cancer.
What is a proto-oncogene?
Muscle, heart, and nerve cells are said to be this type of cell that hangs out in G0.
What are permanent cells?
The existence of Prometaphase in some texts shows this about the mitosis.
What is that it is a continuous process and not a set of "snapshots"?
The exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes AND the important thing it results in.
What is crossing over and genetic variation?
The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division
What is nondisjunction
A gene that can transform a cell into a tumor cell by making an excess of proteins at wrong times that initiate cell division; causes uncontrolled cell division
What is an oncogene?
This two word term is used to describe the action of telomeres shortening, giving the cell a set number of divisions before it dies.
What is replicative senescence?
Polar fibers do this.
What is extend from cell poles toward the midpoint of the cell known as the metaphase plate resulting in elongation of the cell for cytokinesis.
The difference in meiosis l and ll in terms of chromosome arrangement
What is In meiosis I in metaphase, HOMOLOGUS PAIRS align together on the metaphase plate and in meiosis II in metaphase, chromosomes align INDIVIDUALLY on the metaphase plate
When a section of one chromosome attaches to a non-homologous chromosome and the chromosomes EXCHANGE PIECES
What is reciprocal translocation chromosomal structural mutation?
These code for proteins that prevent cell division from occurring often and can have the same effect as proto-oncogene when broken
What is a tumor suppresser gene?
These are the 4 stages of chromosomal packaging.
what are wrapping around histones, forming nucleosomes, forming chromatin, and supercoiling into chromosomes?
In this phase, the nuclear membrane disappears and chromosomes wind up as the cell prepares to split it's genetic material.
What is prophase?
What is the difference is meiosis I and II in terms of # of chromosomes
What is 2n (diploid) to n (haploid) in meiosis I compared to Meiosis II, the chromosome number stays the same , n (haploid)
When an individual has an X,X,AND Y chromosome (trisomy 23).
What is Klinefelter syndrome ?
This checkpoint ensures that aneuploidies do not occur.
What is the M checkpoint?
This term describes a stem cell becoming a specialized cell.
What is differentiation?
What are cleavage furrows in animals and cell plates in plants?