Vocabulary
This type of movement describes molecules slipping directly between phospholipids
What is simple diffusion?
This region of the cell membrane is always in contact with aqueous solutions
What is 'the phosphate heads?'
This term refers specifically to the area inside of a cell
What is intracellular space?
This term refers to the area outside the cell
What is extracellular space?
Cells do not change shape and continue functioning properly in __________________ solutions
What is 'isotonic solutions?'
These are special channels that are just for the movement of water molecules
What are aquapores/aquaporins?
These are the two major factors that affect rates of diffusion
What is '1) steepness of the concentration gradient, and 2) temperature?'
This is the definition of osmosis
What is 'the process of 1) water molecules moving 2) through aquaporins from 3) areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration?'
This is the full definition for equilibrium, as discussed in class
What is 'a permanent state of existence in which there are approximately equal numbers of molecules on either side of a plasma membrane?'
This occurs when a vesicle is formed to move a large molecule out of a cell
What is 'exocytosis?'
This is the definition of a vesicle
What is 'a fluid-filled sac that is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer?'
Define the process of facilitated diffusion like we did in class:
What is 'the process by which 1) small, uncharged molecules move 2) directly between phospholipids, 3) from high to low concentration?'
This term refers to any substance that breaks down other substances in solution
What is 'solvent?'
__________________ are found in all cell types and produce proteins
What are ribosomes?
List the three types of passive transport discussed in class
What are 1) simple diffusion, 2) facilitate diffusion, and 3) osmosis?
This is a concentration gradient (must be the definition we wrote down in class):
What is 'a temporary state of existence in which there is a higher concentration of a molecules on one side of a cell membrane compared to the other side of the membrane?'
These are the two processes that occur to move very large molecules in and out of cells
What are 1) endocytosis and 2) exocytosis?
List the two types of transport proteins and briefly explain how each works
What is '1. channel proteins - act as hollow tubes for diffusion and 2. carrier proteins - use energy to change their shape and move molecules against their concentration gradient?'
List the three major parts that make up the eukaryotic nucleus:
What is '1) the nuclear envelope, 2) nucleolus, 3) chromatin/DNA?'
Why does every cell need both regions of the cell membrane?
What is 'because all cells must be able to sit comfortably in water but cells must also be able to control the movement of water to not gain/lose too much?'
This is how we defined polar and non-polar molecules:
What is 'polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electrons; non-polar molecules have an even distribution of electrons?'
This is why/when vesicles are formed for cell transport
What is 'during active transport, vesicles are formed to move excessively large molecules into/out of a cell?'
This is the definition of a hypotonic solution AND what will happen to a cell in this solution
What is 'a hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solute on the outside of the cell compared to the inside of the cell; the cell will shrink and shrivel because water molecules will move out?'
Briefly explain why we need to understand how our cells will act in solutions with different concentrations:
What is 'because every medication, cosmetic product, food item (anything we put in/on our bodies) must be formulated so that it is isotonic with cells and surrounding tissues and does not cause physical damage or death to cells?'
Membrane pumps always require energy for this reason
What is 'membrane pumps always require energy because they always move substances AGAINST their concentration gradient, from low [ ] to high [ ]?'