Basics
Define evolution
A change in one or more heritable characteristics of a population from one generation to the next
Name 3 things that scientists study that prove that evolution occured
Natural selection, fossils, biogeography, convergent evolution, selective breeding, homologies (anatomical, developmental, molecular)
Someone who is studying a population of snakes in Nevada and tracking the change in allele frequencies of this group is studying:
Population genetics
p represents the ____ allele frequency
dominant
The relative likelihood that one genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation compared with other genotypes
What is fitness?
Evolution occurs at this level in the hierarchy of life.
What is the population level?
The limb bones of modern vertebrates are an example of what?
Anatomical homology
Manatees have fingernails on their flippers that serve no function. These are an example of what kind of structure?
Vestigial
What is the hardy-weinberg equation?
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
The following genotypes produce this many offspring:
QQ = 100
Qq = 177
qq = 150
Which genotype has the highest fitness? What is the value?
Qq, 1
This scientist observed traits in Galapagos finches that led him to publish his book, On The Origin of Species, about the theory of evolution
Who is Charles Darwin?
The giant anteater (in South America) and the echidna (in Australia) have both evolved long snouts and tongues that allow them to eat ants. This is an example of:
Convergent evolution
This refers to the presence of two or more alleles at a gene locus for a given character within a population
What is polymorphism?
Name 3 of the conditions that indicate that a population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
1. No mutations
2. No migration (no one leaves or enters)
3. Random mating
4. Large population
5. No natural selection
A population of 10 mice experience rapid change in allele frequency that leads to the entire population being homozygous for fur color after 20 generations. This is an example of:
Genetic drift
Drought, viruses, new predators, heavy rains, low food resources, could all be examples of this.
What is a selective pressure?
Similar characteristics that arise via convergent evolution are called:
Analogous structures
Consider a population of 200 four-o’clock plants that includes:
• 80 red-flowered plants; genotypeCRCR
• 100 pink-flowered plants; genotype CRCw
• 20 white-flowered plants; genotype CWCW
What is the genotype frequency of the heterozygous genotype?
.5 or 50%
What term in the Hardy Weinberg equation represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?
2pq
The following genotypes produce this many offspring:
QQ = 100
Qq = 177
qq = 150
Which What is the fitness of hte qq genotype?
.85
Darwin expressed his ideas about evolution as “the theory of descent with modification through ______ and _______ ________”
variation, natural selection
Species that are only naturally found in one particular location are known as:
Endemic species
The gene that codes for human red blood cells can have a nucleotide that affects a single base pair which causes it to produce sickled blood cells. What kind of genetic variation is this an example of?
A single nucleotide polymorphism
Consider a population of 200 four-o’clock plants that includes:
• 80 red-flowered plants; genotypeCRCR
• 100 pink-flowered plants; genotype CRCw
• 20 white-flowered plants; genotype CWCW
What is the allele frequency of the dominant allele? How about the recessive allele?
.65 or 65% and .35 or 35%
________ selection favors extreme phenotypes at both ends of a trait spectrum while selecting against the intermediate average, such as when small-billed birds efficiently eat soft seeds and large-billed birds crack hard seeds, leading to a population with few medium-billed individuals.
Disruptive