Is innate immunity a rapid response or a slow response, and does it recognize specific pathogens, or a broad range of pathogens?
rapid response, broad range.
100
Is Adaptive immunity a rapid response or a slow response, and does it recognize specific pathogens, or a broad range of pathogens?
slow response, specific pathogens
100
This cells releases histamine which causes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability
What are mast cells
100
How many binding sites are on a B cell receptor
2
100
How many binding sits to T cells have
1
200
Describe the two barrier defenses.
Physical: skin, mucus, cilia, tears
Chemical: Low pH, lysozyme, makes a hostile environment to pathogens
200
What cell is involved in Humoral Immunity
B cells
200
This cell circulates the blood and is attracted by signals from cytokines
What are neutrophils
200
Where are B cells tested for self-reactivity
bone marrow
200
Where are T cells born, and where are they trained for self-reactivity
Born in bone marrow, trained in thymus
300
What is the role of Toll-Like receptors?
To identify self from non-self
300
What is an epitope
different shapes on an antigen
300
This cell migrates throughout the body and released cytokinases
What are macrophages
300
Describe the role of effector cells
They are short lived cells that take effect immediatly against pathogens. Function is to secrete antibodies to the humerus
300
What do perforin and granzymes do?
Perforin= puts pores in cells
granzymes= enzymes that cause apoptosis
400
what are interferons and how do they combat pathogens?
They are proteins secreted by an infected cell that warn nearby cells of the virus and cause them to be resistant to the virus.
400
Describe the three mechanisms of how anitbodies function to combat infections
1) Neutralization where antibodies cover a virus's receptors so it can't infect other cells
2) Opsonization where antibodies cover the virus and a macrophage eats it
3) Activate complement where complement proteins block the flow of water and ion into the foreign cell
400
These cells are found in tissues that make contact with the environment and stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens
What are dentritic cells
400
Describe the role of Memory cells
long lived cells that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered later in their life. Faster response time.
400
What do cytotoxic T cells do, and how to they do it?
Kill infected cells. If they match a MHC they will clone themselves and ride the body of the infection
500
Where is the complement system produced and what does it do to combat pathogens?
Produced in the liver. It binds to pathogens and secretes fluid into them causing them to burst
500
Whats the function of MHC molecules and what their role in antigen presentation?
To present antigens to T cells. Peptide is loaded on to the MHC and brought to cytotoxic T cells, if the TLR on the T cells match the peptide it will bind to the MHC and activate
500
These cells circulate throughout the body to find infected cells then they release chemicals that lead to cell death.
What are natural killer cells
500
What does colonal selection mean in terms of B cells
It's when a B cell finds a receptor it fits into on an antigen, then it clones itself to rid the body of the infection
500
What do helper T cells do, and how to they do it?
They send chemical signals to other immune cells. They give cytotoxic t cells and b cells permission to undergo colonal selction