Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
What is the medical term for inflammation of the urinary bladder?
Cystitis
What is the term for a bacterial infection involving the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue?
Pyelonephritis
A patient experiences involuntary urine leakage when coughing, laughing, or sneezing. What type of incontinence is this?
Stress urinary incontinence
What is the medical term for the presence of stones in the kidneys?
Nephrolithiasis
What is the most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer?
Visible, painless hematuria
A patient reports burning during urination, urinary frequency, urgency, and suprapubic discomfort. What condition should the nurse suspect?
Lower urinary tract infection (UTI)
A patient presents with fever, chills, flank pain, and costovertebral angle tenderness. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Acute pyelonephritis
A patient reports a sudden, intense need to urinate followed by involuntary urine loss. What type of incontinence is this?
Urge urinary incontinence
A patient with a history of gout develops kidney stones. Which type of stone is commonly associated with gout?
Uric acid stones
What major modifiable risk factor is associated with bladder cancer?
Cigarette smoking (tobacco use)
Which urine dipstick test detects the presence of white blood cells?
Leukocyte esterase
Which diagnostic test identifies the causative organism and helps guide antibiotic selection in pyelonephritis?
Urine culture and sensitivity
A patient with dementia cannot reach the bathroom in time despite normal lower urinary tract function. What type of incontinence is occurring?
Functional urinary incontinence
A patient experiences severe, intermittent, wave-like pain radiating from the flank to the groin and genital area. What type of pain is this?
Ureteral colic
Following pelvic trauma, a patient has blood at the urethral meatus, inability to urinate, and bladder distention. What injury should the nurse suspect?
Urethral trauma or disruption
What is the most common route by which bacteria enter the urinary tract and cause infection?
Ascending infection through the urethra (transurethral route)
Repeated episodes of pyelonephritis can cause progressive renal scarring and eventually lead to what chronic condition?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
A patient with a flaccid neurogenic bladder experiences continuous urine leakage because the bladder becomes overdistended. What type of incontinence is this?
Overflow urinary incontinence
Which noninvasive procedure uses focused shock waves to break urinary stones into smaller fragments that can pass through urine?
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
A patient with suspected urethral disruption requires urinary drainage. What diagnostic evaluation should occur before attempting urethral catheterization?
Urethrography to evaluate urethral integrity and reduce the risk of further injury
A patient hospitalized with a UTI develops hypotension, fever, and altered level of consciousness. What life-threatening complication should the nurse suspect?
Urosepsis (sepsis originating from a urinary tract infection)
A patient with acute pyelonephritis has persistent vomiting and dehydration. What change in management should the nurse anticipate?
Hospitalization for parenteral fluids and antimicrobial therapy, as indicated
A patient has had an indwelling urinary catheter for several days. What two essential nursing interventions reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)?
Maintain a closed sterile drainage system and remove the catheter as soon as it is no longer indicated.
A patient with renal calculi is instructed to strain all urine. What is the primary purpose of this nursing intervention?
To collect stone fragments for analysis to identify their composition and guide prevention of recurrence.
A patient with bladder cancer receives intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). What is the primary therapeutic purpose of this treatment?
To stimulate an immune response against bladder cancer and help prevent tumor recurrence and progression.