Genetics and Genes
Sum total of genetic material in a cell.
What is the genome?
What is semiconservative?
Transcription produces ___________.
What is RNA?
Translation produces _____________.
What are proteins?
Prokaryotic regulation is coordinated by _____, a set of genes, all of which are regulated as a single unit
What are operons?
Random change in the DNA due to errors in replication that occur without known cause.
What is spontaneous mutation?
Transfer of a plasmid or chromosomal fragment from a donor cell to a recipient cell via pili.
What is conjugation?
Discrete cellular structures composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule. Linear in eukaryotic cells and circular in prokaryotic cells.
What are chromosomes?
There are two __________ where new DNA is being synthesized, each containing its own set of replication enzymes.
What are replication forks?
Carries the DNA master code to the ribosomes.
What is mRNA?
The AUG codon serves this purpose.
What is the initiation of translation?
Operon class that is turned ON by the substrate.
What is inducible?
Mutation category involving the addition, deletion, or substitution of a few bases.
What is point mutation?
Chromosome fragments from a lysed cell are absorbed by a nearby recipient cell resulting in the acquisition of the genetic code of the DNA fragment by the recipient.
What is transformation?
The expression of the genotype creates these observable traits.
What are phenotypes?
Enzyme responsible for unzipping the DNA double helix.
Acts as a translator of the mRNA code into protein.
The codons UAA, UAG, and UGA serve this purpose.
What is termination of translation?
Operon region located beside the promoter where the repressor protein binds.
What is the operator?
Mutation that changes a normal codon into a stop codon.
What is nonsense mutation?
Bacteriophage serves as a carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell.
Prokaryotic enzyme that coils the chromosome into a tight bundle by reversible series of twists into the DNA molecule.
What is gyrase?
Synthesis that is continuous and begins at the 3' end of the template strand producing a daughter strand from 5' to 3'.
What is leading strand synthesis?
Bottom loop of the cloverleaf exposes the tRNA specific ________ complementary to a mRNA codon.
What is anticodon?
Translation is initiated when a tRNA molecule with the complementary anticodon and a MET (methionine) amino acid enters this site of the ribosome and binds to the mRNA.
What is the P site?
In the absence of lactose, the repressor binds with the operator locus and blocks transcription of downstream structural genes in this operon system.
What is the Lac operon?
Mutation that results in the reading frame of the mRNA being altered.
What is frameshift mutation?
Process involving special DNA segments that have the capability of moving from one location in the genome to another – “jumping genes”.
What is transposition?
The three components of a DNA nucleotide.
What are the deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases?
Lagging strand produces these DNA fragments due to the directionality of the template strand.
What are Okazaki fragments?
Stage where RNA polymerase binds to promoter region upstream of the gene.
What is initiation?
Eukaryotes gene coding sequences known as _____ are interrupted by segments called introns.
What are axons?
Upon entering the cell, the substrate (lactose) becomes a genetic inducer by attaching to the _______, which is render inactive and falls away.
What is the repressor?
Mutation repair that locates and repairs mismatched nitrogen bases that were not repaired by DNA polymerase.
What is mismatch repair?
One or more pieces of DNA or RNA that contain only genes needed for production of new viruses.
What is viral genome?
The arrangement of the two strands of a DNA molecule.
What is antiparallel/complementary?
Enzyme responsible for linking the DNA fragments into one continuous daughter strand.
What is ligase?
Stage where RNA polymerase recognizes a “STOP” sign in the DNA and releases the transcript.
What is termination?
Enzyme responsible for the removal of introns and splicing together of exons in Eukaryotic pre-mRNA.
What is a spliceosome?
When excess arginine is present, it binds to the repressor and changes it. Then the repressor binds to the operator and blocks arginine synthesis. Arginine is the ________.
What is corepressor?
Agricultural, industrial, and medicinal compounds are screened using this test where the indicator organism is a mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium that has lost the ability to synthesize histidine. This mutation is highly susceptible to back-mutation.
What is the Ames test?
In all viruses, viral mRNA is translated into viral proteins on host cell ribosomes using host _____.