Famous Psychologists
One of the most famous psychologists of all time. Analyzed the unconscious mind, early childhood memories, and dreams as ways of understanding behavior.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
A method where subjects objectively examine and report their own conscious experiences. Example: listening to music and jotting down physical reactions to it.
What is introspection?
A data collection tool such as a questionnaire or interview that gathers self-reported data from large groups.
What is a survey?
A testable, falsifiable "If...then" statement derived from a theory.
What is a hypothesis?
Complete the sentence: Correlation does not equal ______________.
What is causation?
Known as the "Father of Psychology." German scientist who emphasized structuralism and introspection to understand the mind's basic components.
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
Influenced by Darwin and focused on how mental activities help us adapt to our environments. Example: the purpose of crying is to clear dust out of our eyes.
What is functionalism?
An in-depth, detailed examination of a single individual or small group over time.
What is a clinical/case study?
The variable that is manipulated or controlled by an experimenter.
What is an independent variable?
Revolution in the 1950s that shifted focus back to internal mental processes and caused the emergence of several new and specific types of psychology.
What is the Cognitive Revolution?
American psychologist focused on how mental activities help humans survive.
Who is William James?
Emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and hidden urges in shaping human behavior. Example: if you accidentally say your ex's name, you have an unconscious desire to be with them.
What is Psychoanalytic Theory?
Method of observing behavior in its natural setting without researcher intervention. (Example: Jane Goodall working with monkeys).
What is naturalistic observation?
Process of assigning participants to experimental or control groups by chance, ensuring both groups are equivalent prior to treatment.
What is random assignment?
5-tier pyramid demonstrating that basic physiological survival needs must be satisfied before higher-level psychological needs can be met.
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Best known as the creator of client-centered therapy, emphasizing individual growth potential.
Who is Carl Rogers?
Asserts psychology should focus strictly on observable, measurable behavior through stimulus-response relationships. Example: a child studies harder after their teacher rewards them with a gold star.
What is behaviorism?
If the correlation coefficient (r) is 0.2, what kind of correlation is it? Looking for 2 answers: 1) positive, negative, or no correlation 2) strong, weak, or no correlation
What is a positive, weak correlation?
If an experiment's p-value is less than 5%, the results are _________________.
What is statistically significant?
What is an unmeasured third variable that can cause changes in both variables under study? Example: A study finds people who drink a lot of coffee have higher rates of heart disease. It didn't take into account that several people in the study are smokers.
What is a confounding variable?
American psychologist who rejected internal mental states and popularized behaviorism.
Who is John B. Watson?
Emphasizes human potential, self-actualization, free will, and inherent drive toward personal growth.
What is humanism?
Method of research that analyzes pre-existing data sets, historical records, or public databases to answer research questions.
What is archival research?
A control strategy where neither participants nor researchers know group assignments (prevents both experimenter and participant bias).
What is a double-blind study?
Mandatory process where participants are fully informed about a study's purpose, risks, benefits, and right to withdraw before participating.
What is informed consent?