Revolutions
What two forces challenged conservative rule in Europe during the 1830s and 1840s?
Liberalism and nationalism.
What Italian kingdom became the center of the Italian unification movement?
Piedmont-Sardinia.
Who led the major revolt of enslaved people that eventually resulted in Haitian independence?
Toussaint-Louverture.
What cultural movement emphasized emotion, imagination, individuality, and the past?
Romanticism.
What is nationalism?
Loyalty to a shared national identity, often connected to independence or political unification.
Who was removed from power during the French Revolution of 1830?
Charles X.
Who was the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who helped lead Italian unification?
Cavour
Who launched the major revolt for Mexican independence in 1810?
Miguel Hidalgo.
What cultural movement focused on ordinary people, everyday life, and social problems?
Realism.
What was a caudillo?
A strong Latin American leader who ruled chiefly through military force, usually with support from the landed elite.
What new voting system was introduced in France after the Revolution of 1848?
Universal male suffrage.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Who led the volunteer army that conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies? What was his army nicknamed?
Giuseppe Garibaldi; the Red Shirts.
Name the two South American revolutionary leaders known as “Liberators.”
Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.
Who proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection?
Charles Darwin.
What does universal male suffrage mean?
The right of all adult men to vote.
Why did the Frankfurt Assembly fail to unify Germany?
It lacked the power to force German rulers to accept its constitution, and Frederick William IV refused the offered crown.
What war weakened the Concert of Europe and created an opening for Italian and German unification?
The Crimean War.
What did the Monroe Doctrine warn European powers against doing in the Americas?
Establishing new colonies or intervening in the Americas.
What did Louis Pasteur propose about the causes of disease?
Germ theory.
Who became the first kaiser of the unified German Empire?
William I.
What happened when the French government closed the national workshops in 1848?
Workers revolted, and government forces crushed the uprising.
Name the three major wars that Bismarck used to strengthen Prussia and advance German unification.
The wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.
Why did Latin American countries remain economically dependent after gaining political independence?
They exported raw materials and food while importing manufactured goods, and foreign merchants and investors remained influential.
Name ONE nineteenth-century scientist from the chapter besides Darwin and describe one of their contributions.
Mendeleyev — classified the chemical elements; Faraday — built an early generator; or Pasteur — proposed germ theory.
What is natural selection?
The process in which individuals with helpful characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those characteristics to future generations.