vocab
The first step of the central dogma involves the synthesis of mRNA from DNA in a process called..
What is transcription
Certain chemicals and radiation called ______ can damage DNA.
what are mutagens?
the glue that binds the DNA together
what is DNA ligase?
tRNA's function
Transports amino acids to the ribosome
nucleic acid complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code
what is Nucleic acid?
A nucleic acid similar to DNA, but with the sugar ribose, and with uracil instead of thymine.
What is RNA
the group of genes called that control cell differentiation
What is the homebox (Hox) gene group.
the lagging strand is built discontinuously in small segments called
okazaki fragments
rRNA's function
Associates with protein to form the ribosome
Thymine and adenine bases pair to each other by how many hydrogen bonds
what is 2?
Long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA
What is messenger RNA
the 4 things an operon contains
What is an operator, promoter, regulatory gene, and genes coding for proteins
single- stranded binding _______ keep the DNA strands separate during replication
mRNA's function
Carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
this scientist carried out experiments that led to the conclusion that a substance can transform bacteria
who is frederick griffith?
the ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment
What is Gene regulation
name 4 different types of chromosomal mutations and what they do
Deletion: A segment of a chromosome is lost.
Duplication: A segment is copied = multiple copies
Inversion: A segment is reversed.
Translocation: segment moves to different location
the 3 main stages of semiconservative replication
what is unwinding, base pairing, and joining?
define exons and introns
introns- DNA sequences not found in mRNA
exons- DNA sequences that remain in the final mRNA
this scientist concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released
who was Oswald Avery?
Parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA.
What is semiconservative replication
name the 3 types of point mutations and what they do
Silent: No change in the amino acid
Missense substitution: DNA codes for the wrong amino acid.
Nonsense mutation: The codon for amino acid becomes a stop codon
what DNA strand pairs to the DNA strand called Guanine
cytosine
The Beadle and Tatum experiment showed that one gene codes for how many enzymes?
one
these 2 scientists from 1952 were involved in capturing X-ray images
who were franklin and wilkins?