The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous and Organic
Compared to handicraft labor, isolating workers and demanding they work at a given rate creates these strict requirements to labor under manufacture.
Continuity, uniformity, regularity, order, and altered intensity of labor.
When manufacturing takes over a trade of a stage of production, this change occurs to connected trades and stages.
The connected trades/stages become independent.
Unlike the law of proportionality in the workshop, which defines how many workers are needed at each step, in society the distribution of producers is driven by this.
Chance and arbitrariness
The Division of Labor in Manufacture, and the Division of Labor in Society
Guilds prevented the development of capitalists by restricting them from purchasing this commodity.
Labor
Manufacture's requirement that production be completed in a given period of time creates this quantitative relationship between workers.
A fixed ratio of how many laborers are needed for each step.
Independent laborers are connected across society by this commonality.
Their labor products are commodities.
Different spheres of production constantly attempt to establish an equilibrium between the production of use-values and this.
The law of value (which decides how much of society's labor-time can be spent on a given commodity)
Manufacture's division and isolation of laborers creates this kind of worker.
A specialized laborer able to complete only a single operation.
The division of labor in manufactories is characterized by this trait.
Specialized laborers produce no commodities on their own.
The establishment of efficiencies in production within the workshop establishes this other entity, which then sets the value of products seemingly without the capitalist's knowledge.
Socially necessary labor-time
The division of the production process into smaller and smaller steps, requiring minimal training or education, creates this new class of laborers.
Unskilled laborers
In contrast to the division of labor in society being mediated by the purchase and sale of commodities, workers in the division of labor in the workshop are connected by this.
A single capitalist purchasing the labor-power of multiple laborers.
While across society, independent producers acknowledge there is no single authority, within the workshop authority is consolidated in this individual.
The capitalist
The removal of apprenticeship and training for many steps of the production process under manufacture causes this inverse change to labor-power and surplus value.
The value of labor-power falls while surplus value increase
While the division of labor in a workshop concentrates the means of production under one capitalist, the division of labor in society requires the means of production to do this.
Be dispersed among many independent producers.
Capitalist production requires the mutual conditions of anarchy in the social division of labor and this quality in the workshop.
Despotism
Due to handicraftsmen's labor continuing to be a regulating principle of social production under manufacture, it wasn't until the introduction of this that manufacture fully took over.
Machines
The qualitative structure and quantitative proportion of the division of labor in manufacture was created through these four aspects.
(1) The breakdown of the handicrafts into their component steps, (2) A specialization of the instruments of labor, (3) The formation of specialized laborers, (4) Grouping and combining of these laborers into a single mechanism.