14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
a process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell, thereby changing its morphology and physiology
transformation
The building blocks of DNA are
nucleotides
In ------ replication, the parental DNA remains together, and the newly formed daughter strands are together
conservative
------- coat the single strands of DNA near the replication fork to prevent the single-stranded DNA from winding back into a double helix.
Single-strand binding proteins
. The human genome has -- billion base pairs per haploid set of chromosomes,
3
is non-pathogenic (does not cause disease).
HINT strain
The R strain
The important components of the nucleotide are a
nitrogenous (nitrogen-bearing) base, a 5-carbon sugar (pentose), and a phosphate group
each double-stranded ----- includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand
each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand
The replication fork moves at the rate of ---- nucleotides per second.
1000
There are multiple origins of replication on each
eukaryotic chromosome
is pathogenic (disease-causing),
HINT strain
The S strain
The purines have a double ring structure with a six-membered ring fused to a
five-membered ring
The ------method suggests that each of the two parental DNA strands acts as a template for new DNA to be synthesized
semiconservative
The strand with the Okazaki fragments is known as the ------- strand.)
lagging
The rate of replication is approximately -----nucleotides per second, much slower than prokaryotic replication.
Chase and Hershey were studying a -----—a virus that infects bacteria.
bacteriophage
Pyrimidines are smaller in size; they have a
single six-membered ring structure.
DNA grown in 15N will form a band at a higher -----position
density
A protein called the ------holds the DNA polymerase in place as it continues to add nucleotides.
sliding clamp
----- and other proteins are then recruited to start the replication process
. Helicase
Watson and Crick proposed what model
DNA double helix model
The sugar is deoxyribose in ---- and ribose in---
DNA
RNA
When two daughter DNA copies are formed, they have the same sequence and are divided equally into the
two daughter cells.
Once the chromosome has been completely replicated, the two DNA copies move into two different cells during------
cell division
Unlike prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are
linear.