Wilson's Presidency
What was Wilson's "Peace Without Victory" plan?
He wanted to nations of Europe to stop fighting without anyone winning: to declare peace and stop the war (far too idealistic).
Name a new type of technology seen for the first time in WWI
flamethrowers, tanks, poison gas, war planes etc
Name three countries formed as a result of the war
Austria, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Czechoslovakia
What was the name of Wilson's plan for a more peaceful world following the war?
14 points *most important being the League of Nations
Who led the American peace negotiation?
Woodrow Wilson
Name two war administrations that Wilson created to ramp up American production going into war
Railroad Administration, Fuel Administration, Food Administration, War Industries Board
Describe life in a trench
it was dirty, wet, often faced disease, rats, starvation, trench foot. It was also very boring most of the time because trench warfare was slow and the time between attacks was long.
What propaganda techniques were frequently used in US WWI propaganda?
Emitional appeals, Bandwagon, Name-Calling, and Stereotyping
Name three ways that Americans helped the war effort at home
victory gardens, "meatless mondays," Liberty bonds, liberty stamp books, art and songs to rally people, helping care for soldiers in the influenza epidemic
What did Clemenceau want out of the Paris Peace Conference?
He wanted the mining area of Alsace Lorraine back from Germany, he wanted to punish Germany, have Germany pay reparations, and have the Rhine be a neutral zone.
Wilson's adminitration creates the Committee on Public Information. What was its purpose and who was in charge of it?
It purpose was to produce propaganda to get Americans to support the war effort (as America was originally neutral, so some still did not want to enter the war). It was led by George Creel.
Who led the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe?
John Pershing
Who were the Harlem Hellfighters?
The 369th Infantry made up of black soldiers who fought bravely in Europe for six months under French command. (Did not get any recognition or rights upon return to the US, but awarded the highest French medal)
Why did Russia leave WWI?
Vladimir Lenin led the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution that overthrew the Russian Tsar (emperor) and triggered civil war. They left to focus on their own affairs, ending in the formation of the Soviet Union.
What were the two largest consequences for Germany in the Treaty of Versailles?
They had to claim all the responsibility for the war, and they had to pay $30 billion in reparations
When it looked like the Treaty of Versailles was going to pass in a revised state, what did Wilson do to prevent that from happening?
He allied with the "irreconcilables" or the Republican senators that would never sign the Treaty no matter what, and worked together to keep the revised treaty from being ratified
The Somme
What events pulled the US into WWI?
The Zimmerman Telegram and the sinking of four US merchant ships two weeks later (unrestricted submarine warfare). The Zimmerman telegram was sent by the German foreign minister to Mexico saying they would help Mexico regain New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas if they sided with Germany and helped recruit Japan into the war.
How does Germany react when the United States enters the war and what do they try to do before we arrive?
They know they stand very little chance of winning if the Allies get fresh support and troops from America, so they launch the massive Ludendorf Offensive to try and break through the Allied lines and win before American troops arrive
Who were the Big Four?
Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Great Britain, Wilson of the US, and Orlando of Italy
How does the Wilson administration limit individual freedoms during WWI?
The Espionage and Sedition Acts, stating that it is a criminal offense to criticize the war effort in any way (upheld by Schenk vs United States, which stated that the government can limit free speech when there is a "clear and present danger")
What day did the US enter WWI?
April 6, 1917
What was the Argonne Offensive and why was it important?
The US offensive against Germany after they broke through the French line. They drove them back to Sedan, an important rail center, and this spelled the end for the Central Powers (countries start leaving the war and Germany moves toward an armistice)
What day was the armisitce with Germany?
Nov 11, 1918 (11:00 am)
What happened when Wilson came back to the US and tried to get the Treaty of Versailles ratified?
The Republicans opposed passing the treaty as is, and Wilson refused to make any changes. He went on a whirlwind speaking tour to try and gain support for the treaty, but ends up suffering a stroke. While he is recovering in secret, the treaty does not pass and the US never joins of the League of Nations.