about 50% of all human cancers have lost or suffered a mutation in this gene
p53 gene
100
becomes a collection of cells that invades and colonize areas normally reserved for other cells
cancer cells
100
a drug that blocks kinase activity of an oncogene, which results in no leukemia
Gleevec (anti-cancer drug)
200
mutations that interfere with the accurate replication such as defect in checkpoints during mitosis
What is genetic instability? Give an example.
200
examples of this type of break in DNA are radiation and radio-mimetic drugs (a lot of chemo drugs)
What are double-strand breaks (DSBs)?
200
senses DNA damage
p53 gene
200
small changes in our DNA sequence that can affect many processes in the cell
mutations
200
often acts as a transcription factor, cell signaling molecule, or a cell surface receptor
oncogenes
300
any abnormally activated gene that can make a cell cancerous (mutant form of a normal gene involved in the control of cell growth or division)
What is an oncogene?
300
base damage, sugar damage, phosphodiester bond damage
What are examples of single-strand breaks (SSBs)?
300
phosphorylates p53, stabilizing/activating the gene
protein kinases
300
accumulation of mutations
What causes/develops cancer and diseases?
300
inappropriate production of proteins, incorrect protein folding, incorrect protein functions
What causes disease?
400
a normal gene that is involved in the control of cell growth or division; can help with mutation in coding sequence, gene amplification, and chromosome rearrangement
What is a proto-oncogene?
400
loss of a purine group, which leads to base loss
What is depurination?
400
p21 gene --> p21 mRNA --> ???
p21 protein (Cdk inhibitor protein)
400
probably more than two or three but one mutation in a vital region can be catastrophic [debatable since it depends on location of mutation(s)]
How many mutations does it take for cancer or other diseases to develop?
400
help target gene expression; exploit species specific gene expression mechanisms to block bacteria gene expression (example = Tetracyclins block protein synthesis)
antibiotics
500
mutations that interfere with the maintenance of the genome such as defect in proteins needed to repair mutated DNA
What is genetic instability? Give an example.
500
loss of an amine group, which leads to base change
What is deamination?
500
p21 can ________ or _________ G1/S-Cdk and S-Cdk complexes
activate/inactivate
500
defects in this phase cause exchanges and duplication of chromosomes
Mitosis
500
can "hijack" the cell transcriptional machinery to reproduce themselves and cause disease; specific parts of the life cycle are targeted to: prevent entry, penetration inside the host cell, reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)