Glycogen breakdown
Why can we not store glucose in our cells?
It disrupts the osmotic balance in our cells
What is the activated glucose form needed to synthesis glycogen?
UDP-glucose
What hormones control glycogen degredation
insulin, epinephrine, and glucagon
What activates the g protein
glucagon (liver) or epinephrine (muscle) going through 7TM
What is the enzyme that reverses the effect of kinase?
Protein phosphatase 1
What enzyme is used to release glucose-1-phosphate?
glycogen phosphorylase
Why do we combine pyrophosphate and water?
to create orthophosphate
What hormone do the muscle cells SOLELY rely on?
epinephrine.
What does the g protein bind to?
adenylate cyclase
The regulatory subunit in the liver
GL
What enzyme converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate
phosphoglucomutase
If we want to create a glycogen molecule, what do we need?
Glycogenin
What is controlled by levels of AMP
muscle phosphorylase b
b= glucose degradation in muscle
R state= indicates high levels of AMP
What does adenylate cyclase do?
turn AMP into cAMP
the regulatory subunit in the brain and muscle
GM
What enzyme cleaves the a-1,6 glucose molecule
a-1,6 glucosidase
How many atp molecules are produced from added glucose-6-phosphate molecules on to glycogen
31
The switch from R state to T state in the liver
high levels of BG
what does cAMP activate?
protein kinase A
How do Gm and Gl work?
They decrease the activity of PP1 by disassociating its catalytic subunit and phosphorylating PP1
What coenzyme does glycogen phosphorylase require
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
What amino acid residue are glucose molecules added to?
Tyrosine
ATP --> AMP via what
myosin and adenylate kinase
what does PKA do?
phosphorylates b then a which activates glycogen phosphorlyase
What does insulin do?
It increases the synthesis of glycogen by inactivating the glycogen synthase kinase.
it binds to a tyrosine residue in the plasma membrane.