Unique Nature of Pure Water (Section 1)
Cohesion is the sticking together of particles of the____ substance.
Same
This physical property determines how far sunlight can penetrate the ocean.
Transparency
Name the two most abundant ions in seawater.
Sodium And chloride
The carbon that forms the backbone of all organic
molecules starts in the ____ as carbon
dioxide and then it dissolves in the ocean at the
surface.
atmosphere
This layer is the only one where photosynthesis occurs.
epipelagic zone?
What is the sticking together of particles of the same substance.
Cohesion
Pressure increases by this amount for every 10 meters of depth.
An Atmosphere
Ocean water typically has a pH between these values.
8.1-8.3
This gas dissolves in seawater and forms carbonic acid.
Carbon dioxide
This is the second layer and it is known to be the Twilight Zone. There are no plants in this zone because there is not enough sunlight.
Mesopelagic Zone
Water’s polarity makes it excellent at dissolving salts and minerals. What is this property called?
Universal Solvent
Which color of light is absorbed first as you go deeper into the ocean?
Red light
Name one major source of ions entering seawater.
Rivers, volcanoes or hydrothermal vents
When carbonic acid forms, it releases hydrogen ions. What happens to ocean pH?
Decrease
Animals such as whales, shrimps, octopuses live in this zone. Sponges or sessile (non-moving) animals could also be found here.
Mesopolegic zone
Unlike most substances, water becomes less dense when it freezes. What structural change causes this?
Stable Hydrogen Bonds
Sound travels faster in water than air. Name one reason why
The water is denser
Marine snow plays a role in nutrient cycling. What is marine snow made of?
Dead organisms, fecal pellets, mucus, and organic particles
Explain how increased CO₂ levels affect carbonate ion availabilitY
carbonate ions get used up
Some species live in this zone, such as rat-tail fish, liparid fish, amphipods, and decapods. Most animals are unable to see because it’s pitch black.
Hadalpelagic Zone
Explain why coastal climates stay more stable than inland climates.
High Heat capacity
Explain why the thermocline forms in the ocean.
temperature decreases rapidly with depth
Explain why salinity varies between different parts of the ocean.
evaporation, precipitation, river input, freezing/melting of ice, and circulation patterns.
Describe the full chemical reaction sequence when CO₂ dissolves in seawater.
carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) → bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) → hydrogen ions (H⁺) → reduced carbonate (CO₃²⁻).
This layer is also known as the Lower Midnight Zone. Conditions in this zone are extremely dark and the temperatures are very cold.
Abyssopelagic Zone