Key Terms
A ___________________ involves a gradual or dramatic change and may lead to a shift in behavior.
turning point
TRUE OR FALSE
Delinquency Across Life Course is concerned with documenting and explaining individual changes in offending during a small phase of the offender's life.
FALSE
Which goal of punishment is most concerned with keeping dangerous people locked up and society protected?
Incapacitation
The Rational Choice Theory makes the assumption that the delinquent chooses to violate the law by exercising ________________.
Free will
Sociobiologists began to link _______________ and _________________ factors.
genetic; environmental
Father of Criminology and founder of biological positivism.
Cesare Lombroso
What is the primary purpose of restorative justice?
To reintegrate the criminal offender back in the community.
The Social Control Theory linked delinquent behavior to the bond an individual has with their __________________________.
social groups (family and school)
A method of working out the sum total of pleasure and pain produced by an act.
Felicific Calculus
Name the two founders of the classical school of criminology.
Cesare Beccaria or Jeremy Bentham
The rehabilitation philosophy suggests that people who violate the law are essentially _______________.
Victims
Which theory suggests that behavior is governed by its consequent rewards and punishments, as reflected in one's previous experiences?
Reinforcement Theory
_____________________ looks to internal or external influences on individuals as the primary cause of criminal behavior.
Positivism
The Marxist perspective is concerned with
a) race
b) gender
c) social class
d) age
c) social class
According to the just desert philosophy, what makes a punishment justified?
According to the differential association theory, how do delinquents learn crime?
From others
The routine activity approach suggests crime corresponds with an increase in __________ and a decrease in ________________.
targets; "guardian"
What does the labeling perspective infer?
The behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them.
What is the difference between general deterrence and specific deterrence?
General Deterrence is aimed at others and Specific Deterrence focuses on repeat offenders.
Explain the strain theory.
The theory proposes that pressure derived from social factors, such as lack of income or lack of quality education, drives individuals to commit crime.