Risks and Protective Factors for Infant and Toddler Development
100
A person’s disposition and primary behavioral characteristics in infants and young children.
What is temperament.
100
The ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be seen.
What is object permanence.
100
Playful vocalizing with grunts, squeals, trills, vowels, and so on to experiment with sound.
What is vocal play.
100
The system of senses: hearing, sight, taste, smell, touch; responsiveness to the body’s position and sensitivity to pain.
What is sensory system.
100
The effects of low social economic status on mental and physical health of a child.
What is poverty.
200
Model for relationships developed in the earliest attachment relationship.
What is working model.
200
The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Infants (newborn to 2 years) learn through sensory awareness and motor activities.
What is sensorimotor stage.
200
Exploring objects with eyes, mouth, and hands to learn about their shape, color, texture, movement and sounds and to experience pleasure.
What is exploratory play with objects.
200
Control over movements of body parts.
What is motor skills.
200
The developmental risk is heightened when parents fail to carry out their duties. This might include poor weight gain for the infant and neglect.
What is inadequate caregiving.
300
Comfort object, such as a favorite blanket or stuffed animal that toddlers often use to help them cope with separations from parents.
What is transitional object.
300
Ability to process and store information and solve problems. Commonly called thinking.
What is cognition.
300
Initiating interactions with caregivers, at about 4 or 5 months, by smiling, and vocalizing to communicate and make connection.
What is interactive play.
300
The ability of the brain to change in response to stimuli.
What is brain plasticity.
300
Infants from birth to 1 year of age have the highest rate of victimization; mainly involving neglect.
What is child maltreatment.
400
Age at which emotional life becomes centered on regulation of emotional states.
What is the second and third year.
400
The fourth and final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, generally experienced in adolescence. Involves the capacity to apply hypothetical reasoning and to use symbols to solve problems.
What is formal operations stage.
400
Acting out everyday functions and tasks, and playing with an imaginary friend.
What is make believe play.
400
An involuntary response to a simple stimulus.
What is reflex.
400
This type of protective factor is often found in informal networks such as friends and extended family member.
What is social support.
500
An enduring emotional bond between two people who are important to each other. Provides affection and a sense of security.
What is attachment.
500
When an infant reacts with fear and withdrawal to unfamiliar persons, at about 9 months of age
What is stranger anxiety.
500
Engaging in simple, repetitive motor movements.
What is functional play.
500
A period of overproduction of brain synapses during infancy, followed by a period of synapse pruning.
What is blooming.
500
This protective factor is a type of education that directly affects the outcome for infants and toddlers.