Cancer
Passing Genes
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Cytokinesis
100
Tumor: Unregulated ___ ___ that form a mass of cells with no function. Benign tumor:(T or F) Doesn’t affect surrounding tissues. Malignant tumor: invades surrounding tissues; ___. Metastasis: cells break away from a malignant tumor and start a new ___ at another location.
Tumor: Unregulated (cell division) that form a mass of cells with no function. Benign tumor: (TRUE) Doesn’t affect surrounding tissues. Malignant tumor: invades surrounding tissues; (cancerous). Metastasis: cells break away from a malignant tumor and start a new (cancer) at another location.
100
Chromosomes are ___ before cell division. Duplicated chromosomes, held together at the ___, are called ___ chromatids. They are duplicated through ___ ___.
Chromosomes are (uncondensed) before cell division. Duplicated chromosomes, held together at the (centromere) are called (sister) chromatids. They are duplicated through (DNA replication).
100
Interphase has three phases: G1: cell grows, organelles ___. S: DNA ___. G2: cell makes ___ needed to complete ?mitosis. Most of the cell cycle is spent in ___.
Interphase has three phases: G1: cell grows, organelles (duplicate). S: DNA (replicates). G2: cell makes (proteins) needed to complete ?mitosis Most of the cell cycle is spent in (interphase)
100
Cytokinesis in Plants: Starts with vesicles forming the cell ___. This results in a new cell wall being formed between the cells forming ___ cells. The cell wall is made from___.
Cytokinesis in Plants: Starts with vesicles forming the cell (plate.) This results in a new cell wall being formed between the cells forming (daughter) cells. The cell wall is made from (cellulose)/
200
Metastatic cells can travel throughout the body via the ___ system or the ___ system. In what ways do cancer cells differ from normal cells? (3)
Metastatic cells can travel throughout the body via the circulatory system or the lymphatic system. Cancer cells differ from normal cells: Divide when they shouldn’t. Invade surrounding tissues. Move to other locations in the body.
200
___ molecule is a double stranded structure similar to a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are composed of a ___-phosphate backbone. Nucleotides are connected to each other by ___ bonding to form the “rungs” of the ladder. Adenine (A) pairs with _____ (_) Cytosine (C) pairs with _____ (_)
(DNA) molecule is a double stranded structure similar to a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are composed of a (sugar)-phosphate backbone. Nucleotides are connected to each other by (hydrogen) bonding to form the “rungs” of the ladder. Adenine (A) pairs with (thymine) (T). Cytosine (C) pairs with (Guanine) (G).
200
___ produces genetically-identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis is followed by ___ which splits the two nuclei into two daughter cells. Four stages: __phase __phase __phase __phase
(Mitosis) produces genetically-identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis is followed by (cytokinesis) which splits the two nuclei into two daughter cells. Four stages: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
300
Risk factors: increase a person’s risk of developing a ___. 1)Tobacco use: tobacco contains many ___. 2)___ consumption. 3) __-fat, __-fiber diet. 4) Lack of ___. 5) ___________. 6)Increasing age which weakens the ___ system. 7)Cells that ___ frequently such as ovarian cells.
Risk factors: increase a person’s risk of developing a (disease). Tobacco use: tobacco contains many (carcinogens). (Alcohol) consumption. (High)-fat, (low)-fiber diet. Lack of (exercise). Obesity. Increasing age which weakens the (immune) system. Cells that (divide) frequently such as ovarian cells.
300
How to make a daughter cell. Step one: DNA molecule is split up the ___ of the helix. Step two:____ are added to each side via hydrogen bonding. Result is two identical daughter molecules, each with one parental strand and one new strand this process is otherwise known as ____ replication.
Step ome: DNA molecule is split up the (middle) of the helix. Step Two: (Nucleotides) are added to each side via hydrogen bonding. Step Three: Result is two identical daughter molecules, each with one parental strand and one new strand this process is otherwise known as (semiconservative) replication.
300
Prophase: Chromosomes ____. ___ envelope disappears. ___ pull the chromosomes around during cell division. Animal cells: microtubules attached to ___ at the poles of the cell.
Prophase: Chromosomes (condense). (Nuclear) envelope disappears. (Microtubules) pull the chromosomes around during cell division. Animal cells: microtubules attached to (centrioles) at the poles of the cell.
400
Asexual reproduction factors: Only __ parent. Offspring are genetically ___ to parent. Sexual reproduction factors: ___ are combined from two parents. Offspring are genetically ___ from one another and from the parents
Asexual reproduction: Only (one) parent Offspring are genetically (identical) to parent Sexual reproduction factors: (Gametes) are combined from two parents Offspring are genetically (different) from one another and from the parents
400
DNA polymerase: the enzyme that ___ DNA. It moves along ?the length of the unwound DNA as free ___ ?and helps form ?the new strands.
DNA polymerase: the enzyme that (replicates) DNA. It moves along ?the length of the unwound DNA as free (nucelotides) ?and helps form ?the new strands.
400
Metaphase: Chromosomes are aligned across the ___ of the cell by microtubules. Anaphase: ___ split, sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles. Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform ___ chromosomes. Chromosomes revert to ___ form.
Metaphase: Chromosomes are aligned across the (middle) of the cell by microtubules. Anaphase: (centromeres) split, sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles. Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform (around) chromosomes. Chromosomes revert to (uncondensed) form.
500
Before dividing, cells must copy their ___. Gene: section of DNA that has the instructions for making all ___. One molecule of DNA is wrapped around proteins to form a ___ containing hundreds of genes. Different species have different numbers of ___ (we have #?).
Before dividing, cells must copy their (DNA). Gene: section of DNA that has the instructions for making all (proteins). One molecule of DNA is wrapped around proteins to form a (chromosome) containing hundreds of genes. Different species have different numbers of (chromosomes) (we have 46).
500
Cell cycle has three steps: Interphase: the DNA ___. Mitosis: the copied chromosomes are moved into ___ nuclei. Mitosis occurs in ___ or body cells. Cytokinesis: the cell is split into # daughter cells.
Cell cycle has three steps: Interphase: the DNA (replicated.) Mitosis: the copied chromosomes are moved into (daughter) nuclei. Mitosis occurs in (somatic) or body cells. Cytokinesis: the cell is split into (2) daughter cells.
500
___ is the stage in which two daughter cells are formed from the original one. After cytokinesis, cells reenter __phase. Animals: ___ pinch the original cell into two new cells.
(Cytokinesis) is the stage in which two daughter cells are formed from the original one. After cytokinesis, cells reenter (interphase.) Animals: (Proteins) pinch the original cell into two new cells.
M
e
n
u